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3D Printing Technology

Abstract

Since humankind produced Neolithic Pottery more than 8,000 years ago, 3D printing has

been turning its history back regarding materials. The aim of the article is to explore the

development of 3D printing technology and how it operates. From the study, it is evident that

3D printing technology has attempted to change the society over the last 20 years. Similarly,

the study also highlights that 3D printing technology would also be applicable in the 3D

bioprinting. Taguchi is the method employed for the statistical analysis in this study. The

methodology was also used in obtaining constant linear velocity. The study additionally

highlighted the advantage of using 3D printing. 3D printing can use different materials like

high viscosity materials even if they are in large capacity within a short period. In the

conclusion section of the article, the importance of using RPM is stated. Increasing the level

of RPM will increase 3D printing technology performance.

Introduction

It is known that pottery is one of the first tools created by human beings. It is a fact

that is shared throughout all of humanity and its historical list of materials used to develop the

world in which people inhabit. 3D printing, also known as Additive Manufacturing (AM), has

grown in its applications because of this. AM is today being implemented in the aerospace

and automotive industries, the medical and educational fields, and in art. Therefore, 3D

printing refers to act of creating physical objects out of three concepts of the digital model. It

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involves the laying down of several thin layers of materials successively (Schubert et al. 159).

The paper, therefore, aims at exploring how the 3D printing technology operates and its

development. Thorough 3D society has developed significantly from the use of the following

polymers and ceramics among other metals with the combination to modern technology.

Accordingly, 3D printing, with its back-to-the-future instinct, takes the history of

humans, which was developed over hundreds of millions of years, and utilizes its teachings to

improve society, all in the last 20 years (Mishra 43). These innovations bring many

possibilities for the future of 3D printing. For instance, efforts have been made to use 3D

printing technology and high viscosity slurries for applications such as building large houses,

manufacturing batteries and solar cells, and a variety of other products. However, compared

to existing methods, there are many limitations, regarding cost and accuracy in improving the

performance of the final products.

Moreover, 3D bioprinting is another promising area in which 3D printing

technology will apply to create tools such as scaffolds. Also, the fabrication of artificial

biomaterials such as tissue, bones, and organs could become a reality using ceramics. An

artificial bone and tooth would be a remarkable feat for the research in biomaterials involving

ceramics. Despite these efforts, systematic 3D printing techniques, variables, and the control

over the end product require much effort. In this study, 3D printing technology was applied to

create pots and patterns that were first made with ceramics and then reproduced using high

viscosity 3D printing technology to analyze the changes in precision, speed, and reliability.

Traditional ceramics could be replicated using STE technology, which enables the most

functional and economic high-density 3D printing clay materials to be easily obtained from

nearby sources (Mishra 45).

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For ceramics processing that involves the use of STE equipment, the Taguchi

method, which is one design based on experimental statistical analysis, was used to optimize

the 3D printing parameters. Through the statistical analysis of repeated experiments, it is

necessary to apply a theoretical basis to the high viscosity clay. This clay is a non-Newtonian

material whose shear stress varies with time and pressure depending on the change of the

shear rate given to the material. The HP formula applied to the Newtonian fluid was

successfully expanded to control the discharge rate by controlling the linear velocity of the

ceramics (McMenamin et al. 480).

In obtaining a constant linear-velocity, printing parameters were optimized through

the Taguchi method. These parameters, along with the corresponding variables, are as

follows: An L9 orthogonal array (OA), magnitude, signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, WATER %,

RPM, and TIP. Each is analyzed to maintain a constant discharge of ceramics. CAD

programs, such as Solid Edge, SolidWorks, and Rhino, are also used to design and print 3D

images. These designs are converted into G-code with open source programs like Cura and

Keyslicer. A method using another open source program is used to build up layers over layers

of material while running the printer. In STE, many attempts have been made to produce 3D

shapes using an economical open source program and also to standardize the STE 3D printing

process, according to various viscosities with the use of the G-code. However, it is still a

delicate process and needs a professional level of skill to be applied, despite STE's ability to

print materials with a wide range of viscosity (Brown 18).

The STE 3D printing has its advantages of being able to use various materials,

including high viscosity materials, even in a large capacity in short period. However, it still

has limitations on the precision, such as complexity of shapes. In finding the range, different

variables were put into testing with the use of statistical analysis. When printing the material

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of 2,000 ~ 10,000 Pa•s, the L9 OA method was implemented with the variables of RPM, tip

size, WATER% content material. Through the L9 experiment, the significance of the

variables orderly showed that RPM, WATER %, and TIP. A pronouncing effect on the

discharge rate of the material was the RPM. Based on the wide ranges of statistical analysis

performed, it was evident that when the RPM was larger, the water content was higher and

less water was removed during the printing process. In STE process, a paste mixed with

particles and moisture of less than 45-micron as ceramics particles was used to maintain

fluidity in the material (Brown 19).

Additionally, it is imperative to note that in an optimal condition, with RPM as a

variable, WATER % 30 and TIP2.0×10-3m was kept in constant values. RPM was varied to

obtain the relationship between the final discharges; the linear velocity increased with a slope

of 1.4×10-3 m/s.rpm. In addition, as the RPM increases, initial WATER % 30 contents were

varied from 5 to 25 of WATER %. Expansion to the radial direction due to the surface

tension of the tip, material, and air was problematic in PTE process, which is not as severe as

the STE at higher than RPM 10 when 30 wt.% Ceramics with the tip diameter 1.5 × 10 -3 m

was used. One of the disadvantages of STE printing is that the final material moisture

changes during the process of discharging the material.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the study has successfully shown that by increasing the RPM of the

material, it is possible to keep the moisture of the material close to the initial state and to

perform the other uniform discharge over a longer period, with the advantage of printing the

material in a short period. This study further provides a better understanding of the STE

method and its potential usage on 3D printing into biomedical, biomaterials, and food

industry. Upon the emerging of 3D printing technology, the technology moved from the first

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polymer based fused deposition modeling (FDM) to 3D metal printing and then into a

ceramics in the future. With the advent of 3D printing technology, the history of 8000 years

of development of materials has been rapidly revived in only 20 years, and it has been

verified and provided fundamentals of ceramics that can be applied to the dental and artificial

bone.

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Work Cited

Brown, Abbie. "3D printing in instructional settings: Identifying a curricular hierarchy of

activities." TechTrends 59.5 (2015): 16-24.

McMenamin, Paul G., et al. "The production of anatomical teaching resources using

three‐dimensional (3D) printing technology." Anatomical sciences education 7.6

(2014): 479-486.

Mishra, MrsSushree. "3D Printing Technology." Science Horizon 43 (2014).

Schubert, Carl, et al. "Innovations in 3D printing: a 3D overview from optics to

organs." British Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 98, no. 2 (2013): 159-161.

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