A Concise Written Response

Running head: A CONCISE WRITTEN RESPONSE 1

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A CONCISE WRITTEN RESPONSE 2

A Concise Written Response

Reconstruction. Reconstruction, in American past, the time (1865– 77) which came after the

U.S Civil battle and amid which there were attempts to review the injustices of slavery and its

legislative, social, and financial legacy and to tackle the issues emerging from the readmission

to the unity of the 11 nations which had withdrawn at or prior the rise of war.

Benjamin (Pap) Singleton. Benjamin (1809– 1900) was U.S extremist and representative

known for his job in building up African American communities in Kansas. A previous slave

who got away to independence in 1846, he turned into a prominent abolitionist, society pioneer,

and representative for African-American social liberties.

Exodusters. Exodusters is a name accustomed to African Americans who moved from states

in the River of Mississippi to Kansas at the end of the 19th century, as a major aspect of the

Exodus movement of 1879. It was the principal relocation of Africans following the Civil

battle.

Compromise of (1877). It was a casual, unwritten arrangement, that ended the strongly

contested 1876 American presidential race. It brought about the American central government

hauling the final troops from the South and formally finished the Reconstruction period. It

guaranteed that the politician candidate, Hayes, would turn into the next head of state and that

the leaders would get back governmental power in the southern nation governments.

Henry McNeal Turner. Henry (February 1, 1834, to 1915 8th May) was a bishop, government

official, and the twelfth chosen and sanctified minister of the African Episcopal Church. As an

African American, he was the head in Georgia at arranging new assemblies of African

Americans after the American War.

Redeemers. It was a white governmental alliance in Southern America in the Reconstruction.

They formed a strategy of Redemption, wanting to expel the Radical Democrat alliance of freed

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people, "carpetbaggers," and "villains." They were driven by the rich peasants, businessmen,

and experts, and ruled Southern legislative issues in many regions from the 1870s to 1910.

KKK. It is an American racial oppressor loathe gathering. The KKK endured in three particular

times at various places in time amid the history of America. Each advocated reactionary fanatic

points, for example, white patriotism, anti-immigrants and particularly in later redundancy

Nordicism and against Catholicism. In existence: first Klan 1865– 1871, second Klan 1915–

1944, third Klan 1946– present.

Sharecropping. It is a type of agribusiness where a landowner enables an inhabitant to utilize

the land as an end-result of an offer of the yields created on their part of the land. Sharecropping

happened broadly in Scotland, frontier Africa, and Ireland, and resulted in broad use in the

Southern American nations in the Reconstruction time (1865– 1877). Needy white peasants,

who had done slight cotton cultivating, required money also and progressed toward becoming

sharecroppers.

Share Tenancy. Tenant cultivating, agricultural framework whereby landowners give their

territory and a proportion of working capital and the executives while occupants offer their

work with different measures of capital and the administration, the profits being partaken in

various ways. Hence if there are any natural catastrophes (such as flood, violent wind, tropical

storm, etc.) hampers the creation, the total loss is secured by all parties.

Jim Crow. It was the name of the framework which worked basically, yet not only in southern

and fringe states, in 1877 and the middle of 1960. It was not just a progression of inflexible

anti-African laws. African Americans were consigned to the status of peons. The system

illustrated legitimization of against anti-African racism.

Booker T. Washington. Booker. T. Washington was a U.S teacher, speaker, and counsel to

leaders of America. In 1890 and 1915, he was the predominant pioneer in the African-

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American people. He was a key defender of African-American organizations and one of the

originators of the State Negro League. He asked for dark advancement through training and

business enterprise.

Tuskegee Institute. It was established by Booker T in 1881 to prepare educators in Alabama.

Tuskegee's initiative gave learners both scholarly and professional preparing. The pupils, under

Washington's course, constructed their structures, created their sustenance, and met their

fundamental necessities.

Ida B. Wells. Born in 16th July 1862 to 25th March 1931), she was an African-American

columnist, abolitionist and women's activist who drove anti-lynching campaign in America

during the 1890s. She established and became vital in gatherings making progress toward

African-American equity. She was one of the organizers of the State Organization for the

progress of Colored humans.

Coloured Peasants' Alliance (1886). It was a U.S agrarian development amid the 1870s and

1980s that tried to improve the financial conditions for peasants through the establishment of

cooperatives and governmental promotion. The development comprised of various

neighborhood associations that comprised three extensive groupings.

Dark Codes (1890-1906). These were laws enacted in Southern nations in 1865 and 1866 in

America following the U.S War with the aim and the impact of limiting African Americans'

opportunity, and of convincing them to labor in a working economy dependent on low wages.

They were a piece of a bigger example of whites in the south, who were attempting to stop the

new rights of liberated slaves, the freed-people.

Atlanta Compromise. It was an understanding established in 1895 amid Booker T, African-

American pioneers, and pioneers of whites in the south. The understanding was that blacks in

the south would toil and submit to American federal law, while whites in the south ensured that

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blacks would get basic instruction and fair treatment. Africans would not concentrate their

requests on fairness, unification, or equity, and whites from the north would support instructive

African philanthropies.

E.B Du Bois. Conceived 23rd February 1868, he was an American humanist, history specialist,

author, and lobbyist who was a significant African campaign pioneer in America amid the early

twentieth century. He partook in the formation of the State Organization for the progress of

Colored individuals in 1909 and altered The Crisis, its journal, from 1910 to 1934.

Great Migration. It was the journey of millions of blacks out of Southern America to the

Northeast, west, and Mid-West that happened somewhere in 1916 to 1970. Amid the Great

Migration, blacks started to manufacture another spot for themselves in open life, effectively

standing up to racial preference and monetary, governmental and social difficulties to make a

dark urban norm that would have an impact in years to come.

"Red Summer." It alludes to the winter, summer, spring, and autumn of 1919, that was set

apart by several passing and higher setbacks in America, because of racial uproars that

happened in several urban areas and one rural district. In many cases, whites assaulted blacks.

Sometimes, many dark individuals battled back, in Washington and Chicago.

Tulsa Race Riot. It occurred on May 31 and June 1, 1921, when whites assaulted dark

inhabitants and organizations of the Greenwood. It is one of the most terrible occurrences of

racial savagery ever of America. The assault, completed on the ground and via air, damaged

over 35 squares of the area.

Black Wall Street. Previously called the Greenwood locality in Oklahoma, it was where in the

mid-twentieth century blacks made an independent, prosperous business area. The term Black

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Wall Street was utilized until the Tulsa contest rampage of 1921. The name has additionally

applied to most districts of blacks’ high monetary movement.

Harlem Renaissance. It was an erudite, social, and masterful blast in Harlem, crossing the

1920s. It was a start in dark social history. It helped black writers and specialists deal with the

portrayal of dark culture and experience, and it gave them a spot in Western culture.

New Negro. It is a name promoted amid the Harlem change suggesting an increasingly candid

backing of pride and a decline to submit unobtrusively to the exercises and Jim Crow laws of

racial isolation. During the 1920s it advanced a restored feeling of racial delight, social self-

articulation, monetary freedom, and dynamic governmental issues.

The Birth of a Nation. It is a 1915 United States quiet epic show movie coordinated and co-

delivered by Griffith and featuring Gish Lillian. The film gives a very emotional history of the

battle, Reconstruction, and the establishment of the Ku Klux Klan.

Claude McKay. She was a main figure in the Harlem Renewal, a noticeable artistic

development in the 1920s. His tasks extended from vernacular section praising farmer life in

Jamaica to sonnets daring white rule in America, and from stories of African-American life in

America and Jamaica to goal-oriented fiction speaking of scholarly duality that McKay

discovered fundamental to black person's endeavors to adapt in a supremacist society.

Countee Cullen. Countee was conceived in 30th May 1903 and died on 9th January 1946.

Other than tending to issues of race, as far as the excellence of being dark and the impacts of

bias on the other, Countee additionally added to the Harlem Renewal a feeling of the sonnet as

a convention.

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Alain Locke. He was conceived on 13th Sept 1886 and passed on 9th June 1954. He is the

pioneer and translator of the Harlem Renewal. Locke invigorated and guided creative exercises

and advanced the acknowledgment and regard of blacks by the absolute American people. He

acclimated U.S readers with the Renaissance of Harlem by altering an extraordinary Harlem

matter for Graphic Survey (March 1925) that he ventured into The Negro, a compilation of

fiction, sonnet, show, and articles.

Langston Hughes. Conceived February 1, 1902, he passed on May 22, 1967; he was a writer

who was significant in the Harlem Renewal and made the blacks go through the subject of his

works. Through his sonnets, books, plays, expositions, and youngsters' books, he advanced

correspondence, censured bigotry and unfairness, and appreciated African norms and

spirituality.

Zora Neale Hurston. Zora Neale Hurston, conceived January 7, 1891, died on 28th January

1960. She was a folklorist and author related with Renaissance of Harlem who praised the

blacks culture of the rustic South. She made commitments to the acknowledgment of Africans

in the nation through her important old stories composing.

Negrotarians. These were persuasive whites who upheld the Negro development and who

supported black life itself. Since their interests had an unmistakable racial edge, they were not

simply compassionate people, according to Zora.

Arthur Alfonso Schomburg. Arturo (January 24, 1874 – June 10, 1938), was a student of

history, author, and lobbyist. He investigated and brought issues to light of the incredible

commitments that Americans made to society. He was a significant scholarly figure in the

Renaissance of Harlem. Throughout the years, he gathered materials of African past, which

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were acquired to turn into the premise of the Schomburg Institution for Research in African-

American Culture.

Bessie Smith. Bessie Smith (15th April 1894 – 26th September 1937) was a blues vocalist.

She was the most well-known female artist of the blues in the 1930s. Smith's twisting blues

communicated the brutal experiences of the blacks in the Jim Crow period. A spearheading

singer and driving figure of Renaissance of Harlem, Smith, resisted racial obstructions through

the power of her unstoppable identity and fearless artistry.

Marcus Garvey was born in 1887 in Jamaica. He studied in Jamaica until the age of fourteen

years. He was the only surviving kid in his family while the other children did not survive into

adulthood. He worked in a print shop, and he involved himself in labor union for print

tradesman in Kingston. This experience in this work prepared him for activism later in life. He

later went to Central America where he spent time with some of his relatives and studied law

and philosophy in London. After some time he returned to Jamaica where he started the

Universal Negro Improvement Association. He was a leader of the Pan-Africanism movement

which aimed to unify and connect people of African descent.

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) is an organization that was founded by

Marcus Garvey. It was started in 1914 in Jamaica. He influenced the black Americans in the

neighborhood in the United States. The organization was dedicated to building an independent

black nation in Africa, having a racial pride and economic self-sufficiency. He addressed the

blacks in urban states although most blacks so him as an imposter. His leadership in this

organization was cut short after being arrested and convicted of fraud. He mishandled the funds

that were raised to establish black steamship line.

Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington was an American composer and pianist. He was also a

leader of the jazz orchestra until when he died after fifty years of experience in his career. He

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was born in Washington D.C. and was based in New York City in the 1920s where he later

gained a national profile through his orchestra's appearances at Cotton Club in Harlem. Some

of the jazz musicians who were members of Ellington's orchestras were the best players in the

idiom. Even after his death, his reputation continued to rise day by day. He was awarded

Pulitzer Prize Special Award for music in 1999.

Carl Van Vechten was born in 1880, and he died in 1964. He was a novelist, drama and music

critics in the United States. He was the most influential person in his literary circles in 1920.

He was also interested in the culture of the United States blacks. He graduated in 1903 from

University of Chicago and later worked as an assistant in music critic in the New York Times

from 1906 to 1908. Some of the novels that he wrote include Petter Wiffle, His Life, and Works

in 1922 and the Tattooed Countess in 1924. He comes up with Carl Van Vechten Collection at

New York Library with another collection of music and literature at Fisk University, Nashville

and Tenn.

The Jazz age was a period where jazz music and dance emerged in 1920 after World War 1.

The era came to an end after the set of the Great Depression in 1929. African Americans started

jazz music, and both the blacks and whites are responsible for its rapid rise. The rise of jazz

music brought radio broadcast and recording technology into existence. Bessie Smith was one

of the female singers who emerged during the postwar equality and opened sexuality. This

paved the way for female artists in the future.

Great Crash is a book written by John Kenneth Galbraith which was published in 1955. It

talks about economic history which led to the development of the Wall Street Crash of 1929.

The speculation in the stock market precipitated the stock market crash. Those who participated

in the market believed that they could become rich without doing any work. The influence of

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the Wall Street Crash had an impact on the Great Depression. It later resulted in hardship in

the economic system in the country.

The Dust Bowl referred to the drought-stricken southern plains of United States. The region

suffered from dust storms during the dry period in the 1930s. The results of the dust storms

were that livestock died and crops failed to grow in the entire region. This had a great impact

on the Great depression since many families had to migrate to other places to seek for jobs and

have better living conditions. The Dust Bowl was caused by economic and agricultural factors

which includes federal land policies, regional weather changes, the economics of the farm and

other cultural factors.

Rugged individualism is a term that was derived from individualism. It is a belief that means

that individuals can do their things on their own without getting assistance from the

government. The Republican party policies are often associated with this phrase. It was also

greatly used by President Herbert Hoover. The phrase was later used by the Democratic

Presidents Franklin and Harry which referred to the disasters of Hoover's administration where

the stock market crash occurred, and the Great Depression started.

Herbert Hoover was born on 10

August 1874 and later died in 20

October 1964. He was

an American engineer, politician, and businessman. He was the 31

president in the United

States who served from 1929 to 1933. He was a member of the Republican Party. He was a

leader in Belgium in the Commission of Relief. He was referred to as ‘food czar' when he led

the Food Administration. He was the most influential person in the development of radio. When

the economic crisis started, he was defeated by Democratic nominee Franklin Roosevelt.

President Hoover signed the emergency Relief and Construction Act of 1932 in 1932. It

was among the first legislation in the United States which provided relief to the citizens. Later

president Franklin D. Roosevelt adopted and expanded it. It established a Reconstruction

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Finance Corporation which released funds to the public works project all over the country. The

Act was intended to provide temporary, and the positions that were created in the navy yard

was also temporary.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was an American politician who served as the 32

president of

the United States from 1933 to 1945 when he died. He was also a statesman. When the Great

Depression started, he aimed to restore the public confidence, proclaim a bank holiday and he

spoke to the Americans directly through a series of radio broadcasts. He led the wartime

alliance between Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States. He also laid the ground for

the postwar peace organization.

The Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933) was put in place in the United States so that they

can boost agricultural prices by reducing the surplus. This Act led to the creation of a new

agency that is the Agricultural Adjustment Administration. It was started during the era of the

Great Depression where the farmers were facing severe economic situation and lowest

agricultural prices when President Franklin D. Roosevelt was in position.

Tennessee Valley Authority (1933) was one of Roosevelt's new deal programs. It provided

jobs and electricity in rural of Tennessee River Valley. Today it exists as the largest national

public power provider. President Woodrow organized for the construction of a hydroelectric

dam at Muscle dam in 1916. It was meant to provide power during World War 1 for the

munitions plants.

The Nation Recovery Administration was a New Deal that was started by President

Roosevelt in 1933. Its aims were too great fair prices and set practices by bringing together

industry, labor, and government. This agency was created by the National Industry Recovery

Act which allowed industries to establish codes of fair competition which was intended to

reduce destructive completion and helped the workers by setting minimum wages.

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Black Cabinet is a term that was used to refer to a group of African American who served as

public policy advisors to President Franklin and his wife. Through the support of the president's

wife, the cabinet ensured that the blacks received ten percent of welfare funds. This council

was concerned with civil rights although the president saw that there were more significant

problems to be solved than racial inequality.

Work Progress Administration (1935) was an American New Deal Agency. It employed

many people to carry out public works project. This includes the construction of public roads

and buildings. It employed musicians, artists, writers, actors, and directors to work in the

project and in the long run improve their skills. Every community in the United States had a

park, bridge and a school that was established by the agency.

The Wagner Act is officially known as the National Labor Relations Act that was founded in

1935. It was the most important legislative act that was started in the United States. It aimed to

create a legal right of most workers so that they can join labor unions and bargain with their

employers. It was later weakened by the Taft-Hartley Act that was established in 1947 and was

passed by the Republican controlled congress.

Social Security Act was signed by President Roosevelt in 1935 and enacted by the seventy-

fourth United States Congress. The cat was created to solve the problems of old-age pensions.

Through this act, there were provisions of funds to the children, blind and unemployed. It also

instituted vocational training programs and family health programs was also established.

Emmett Till was an African American fourteen-year-old boy from Chicago who was murdered

after flirting with a white lady in a grocery. When the husband heard how Till talked to his wife

he became angry and went to meet Till in his home. He later forced Till to get into his car and

took him to Tallahatchie River. He was told to remove all his clothes, he was bitten and later

shot him in the head.

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded in

the United States in 1909 as a civil rights organization. It was started to look for justice for

African Americans. Its mission was to do away with race-based discrimination and to ensure

political, educational, social and economic equality of rights of all persons.

The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was started in 1942. It was among the leading

activist organization in the American civil rights movement. It had an approach of fighting

racial discrimination, but later it focused on black nationalism and separatism. There various

initiatives that the organization launched like the Freedom Rights

Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) was started in 1955 by the black ministers

and community leaders in Montgomery, Alabama. It was led by Martin Luther King who

guided a successful campaign known as the Montgomery bus boycott. This organization later

became the Southern Christian Leadership Conference that was held in January 1957.

South Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was started in 1957. Its goal was to redeem

the soul of American through nonviolent resistance. Martin Luther King was a leader in the

organization, and it drew on the power and independence of the black churches to support the

ongoing activities.

Sit-in Movement was a nonviolent movement in the United States civil rights era that was

started in 1960. African American later joined the white activists who could go to a segregated

place, and they could be denied services simply because of their race. This caused economic

hardship for the people who owned these businesses.

Ella Baker was an African American civil rights activist in the United States. She played some

roles in certain organizations such as NAACP, SCLC and Student’s Nonviolent Coordinating

Committee. She left a legacy and built the power of the black, brown and poor people and

created solutions for injustices that existed in the society.

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Freedom Rides was a series of political protests that were against segregation by the blacks

and the whites. They drove buses together in the South in 1961. The freedom riders faced

violence in South Carolina. Later on, some of the freedom riders were jailed while Kennedy

enforced serious guidelines that banned segregation.

Theophilus Eugene Connor was known as the "Bull Connor." He was born July 11, 1897,

and later died on March 10, 1973. He served as a commissioner of Public Safety in the city of

Birmingham. He later strongly opposed the activities of the American Civil Rights Movement

in 1960. He denied civil rights for the black people. He was later referred to the international

symbol of institutional racism.

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