Acute Pain Management | EssayIvy.com

Acute Pain Management

Introduction

Pain is one of the primary reasons patients are calling for emergency medical care. It is

also one of the major components of the paramedic practice in the world today. At the moment,

most of the health officers employ the use of Opioids such as morphine as the leading analgesic

substances, but they do have adverse impacts on the life of the patient. Thus, the paper will seek

to study the differences and similarities between morphine and paracetamol with an objective of

identifying the best alternatives to the use of opioids in pre-hospital pain management. The study

measured the efficiency of each substance through checking how the material helped in the

minimization of pain as well as the side effects of each element.

Literature Review

Management of acute pain is most of the time a big problem in some of the opioid

resistant clients. The tolerant patients

might be those who use the substances legally for curing

of severe pain, or those using it illegally, as well as those who tend to abuse heroin. These

patients are mostly found in routine operative care or trauma. Substance abuse among victims of

injury has been found to be very high. Chou and Griffith argue that patient with drug abuse

conditions are at high danger of experiencing chronic pain conditions, which tend to make the

management of chronic pain a more significant problem

(p. 131). Research by Namdari

suggests that there are minimal chances of a patient getting addicted from the use of opioids in

the management of pain. It must be noted that despite the fact that these patient deserve to get

better cure even if the reason is that of abuse of substances.

Yilmaz

argues that the physical therapist has to be away from the client's medical plan as

well as the duration of the efficiency of each therapeutic method when coming up with pain

management plan. The client must also be educated on the importance of seeking medication for

pay whenever they need it. Multimodal analgesic substances can be employed to lower the

overall amount of opioid medication used. Max

suggests that Opioid medication can help in the

minimization of inflammation pain and reduce the subsequent addiction to use of opium-based

substances.

Paracetamol is one the substances used to relieve pain as well as fever. It is utilized in

taking care of various health conditions comprising of a headache, muscle pains, colds, and

many more. The study conducted by Vazzana

on adverse effects of paracetamol which

concluded that an overdose of the substance could cause severe health damage to the client (p.

234). The main symptoms of a paracetamol overdose comprise loss of appetite, nausea feeling,

stomach pains, confusion, sweating, and even vomiting. The skin of the client can start to turn

yellow, or the eyes turn bright white. Alimian

claimed that the adverse effects of opioid use in

taking care of acute pain comprise of stomach ache, kidney disorders, high risks of cardiac

arrests and stroke, confusion, skin rashes, tiredness, constipation, nausea, and dizziness. Thus,

the patient must follow what the health officer tells him or her about the amount of substance to

be used in curing various conditions.

Methods

The study was conducted through a comprehensive search of the electronic databases

MEDLINE (through EBSCOhost), PubMed, and the CINAH (via the EBSCOhost). The study

entailed the search for various terms comprising of the "IV paracetamol," "IV morphine,"

"analgesia," as well as "acute pain management." The study did not take into consideration any

information from an article that was not peer-reviewed. The reason is the information provided

has not been proved to be reliable and thus could lead to the data collected to be full of errors.

The data collected was based on the heart pains, pregnancy clients, pediatric clients, or living

organisms.

Results

From the 252 papers identified and reviewed in the study, fifteen were included in the

analysis. The study also realized that both morphine and paracetamol reported the same pain

reduction, with fifty percent pain alienation noted with the 61% morphine and 66% paracetamol

respectively within a period of a half an hour of administration in a single study. The renal colic

(n=4) realized and efficiency of 52.04% morphine and 63.99% paracetamol. In severe trauma,

the effectiveness of morphine was 46.52% and 47.49% in paracetamol. In severe back pain

(n=1), the efficacy of morphine was 80.96 % and 76.98% in paracetamol. In acute sciatica (n=1),

the effectiveness of morphine was 70.00% and 47.97% in paracetamol.

The study also analyzed the harmful impacts of the use of both morphine and

paracetamol in treating different acute pain conditions in the client. For instance, the adverse

effects were mainly linked with the morphine group (3% to 33%) as compared to the

paracetamol sect (1% to 24%). Thus, the study notes that the paracetamol substances are more

likely to cause fewer effects to the patient as compared to the morphine substances used to deal

with the acute pain conditions in the patient.

Discussion and Conclusion

The efficiency of a pain reliever can be measured basing on the number of side effects it

causes to the user. For instance, the study realized that paracetamol was more reliable and

efficient in treating the acute pain conditions in the client as compared to morphine concerning

minimizing the pain levels suffered by the patient

It must be noted that the efficiency of a drug

does not depend on the cost of the substance but on the chemical composition that helps in

dealing with various conditions. The efficacy of paracetamol was high in all the pain

presentation checked during the study and indication that it causes lower levels of adverse effects

to the users at various moments. However, there is need to carry out more research to check out

how the dosage affects the efficiency of the medicines in the lowering of pain in clients. For

instance, it is known that if one takes an overdose or underdoes, then it will cause more adverse

effects on the client as compared to the good it produces. Moreover, the composition of

morphine and paracetamol is different which implies that the way they help in reducing pain in

the paint differs significantly and thus this must be studied and evaluated to see how it backs up

the current research.

References

1. Roozekrans M, van der Schrier R, Aarts L, Sarton E, van Velzen M, Niesters M, Dahan

A, Olofsen E. Benefit versus Severe Side Effects of Opioid AnalgesiaNovel Utility

Functions of Probability of Analgesia and Respiratory Depression. Anesthesiology: The

Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 2018 Mar 2.

2. Chou, R., Gordon, D. B., de Leon-Casasola, O. A., Rosenberg, J. M., Bickler, S.,

Brennan, T., ... & Griffith, S. (2016). Management of Postoperative Pain: a clinical

practice guideline from the American pain society, the American Society of Regional

Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists'

committee on regional anesthesia, executive committee, and administrative council. The

Journal of Pain, 17(2), 131-157.

3. Namdari S, Nicholson TA, Maltenfort MG, Getz CL, Lazarus M, Williams Jr GR.

Multimodal Pain Management Protocol versus Patient Controlled Narcotic Analgesia for

Postoperative Pain Control after Shoulder Arthroplasty. The Archives of Bone and Joint

Surgery. 2018 Feb 7.

4. Max MB, Donovan M, Miaskowski CA, Ward SE, Gordon D, Bookbinder M, Cleeland

CS, Coyle N, Kiss M, Thaler HT, Janjan N. Quality improvement guidelines for the

treatment of acute pain and cancer pain. Jama. 2017 Dec 20;274(23):1874-80.

5. Vazzana M, Andreani T, Fangueiro J, Faggio C, Silva C, Santini A, Garcia ML, Silva

AM, Souto EB. Tramadol hydrochloride: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse

side effects, co-administration of drugs and new drug delivery systems. Biomedicine &

Pharmacotherapy. 2015 Mar 1;70:234-8.

6. Alimian M, Pournajafian A, Kholdebarin A, Ghodraty M, Rokhtabnak F, Yazdkhasti P.

Analgesic effects of paracetamol and morphine after elective laparotomy surgeries.

Anesthesiology and pain medicine. 2014 May;4(2).

7. Yilmaz MZ, Sarihasan BB, Kelsaka E, TAŞ N, TORUN AÇ, KÖKSAL E, KURUOĞLU

E. Comparison of the analgesic effects of paracetamol and tramadol in lumbar disc

surgery. Turkish journal of medical sciences. 2015 Apr 20;45(2):438-42.

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