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Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1

Annotated Bibliography

Student’s name

Institution of learning

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 2

Annotated Bibliography

Psychological benefits of using nicotine-based products

Doran, N., McChargue, D., Spring, B., VanderVeen, J., Cook, J. W., & Richmond, M.

(2006 ). Effect of Nicotine on Negative Affect Among More Impulsive Smokers.

Effect of Nicotine on Negative Affect Among More Impulsive Smokers , 14 (3), 287 -

295 .

The study was based on a hypothesis that the use of nicotine would provide better relief

to the impulsive smokers than the less impulsive ones. It employed a method, whereby euthymic

smokers were taken through a mood induction and then given a de-cotinized or nicotinized

cigarette. The study showed that more impulsive smokers had a negative effect relief, which was

greater by smoking a nicotinized cigarette, compared to when they had smoked a de-cotinized

cigarette. The method used by the researchers was valid because it gave the results that were

concurrent with other studies that had been done earlier. The contribution of this research to the

field of addiction and addictive behaviors is that it helped highlight the fact that nicotine

promotes high dependence levels of a drug, and inhibits smoking cessation.

Robinson, J. D., Lam, C. Y., Carter, B. B., Minnix, J. A., & Cui, Y. (2011 ). A multimodal

approach to assessing the impact of nicotine dependence, nicotine abstinence, and

craving on negative affect in smokers. American Psychological Association , 19 (1),

40 - 52.

The study conducted by Robinson, Lam, Carter, Jenifer and Cui, sought to assess the

impact of nicotine abstinence, dependence and craving on smokers. In the study, a multimodal

approach was used to measure whether: nicotine dependence is associated with craving and quits

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 3

post-negative effect; relapse by smokers has greater craving and negative effects than abstinence;

craving has any negative effect. During the study, smokers wishing to quit smoking were

identified together with the controls. At the end of the study it was noted that the dependent

smokers experienced greater negative and craving effect. Control smokers were found to have

less negative effect and craving than abstinent smokers. The methodology used in testing the

hypothesis was a valid way to test the latter. The contributions of this research to the field of

addiction and addictive behaviors and to society as a whole, is that it will enable the researchers

find better ways of helping the dependent smokers to quit smoking.

Amodei, N., & Lamb, R. J. (2008 ). Over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapy: Can its

impact on smoking cessation be enhanced? journal of the Society of Psychologists in

Addictive Behaviors , 22 (4), 472 - 485 .

The article elaborates on the effectiveness of the nicotine-replacement therapies. The

research paper notes that the United States of America has not experienced an improvement of

the cessation behavior, even with the availability of nicotine-replacement therapies. Therefore, it

reviews the factors that determine nicotine-replacement therapy impact on smoking cessation.

The authors of this article agree that nicotine-replacement therapies have a big impact on public

health and that more smokers should be encouraged to quit smoking. The article is of

importance, since it provides psychologists with the examples of interventions that can be used

to bring more smokers into cessation attempts.

Psychological benefits of using caffeine-based products

Harrell, P. T., & Juliano, L. M. (2009). Caffeine expectancies influence the subjective and

behavioral effects of caffeine. Psychopharmacology , 207 (2), 335 - 342 .

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 4

The article was compiled after the authors carried out a research on caffeine. The

objective was to determine the effects of caffeine pharmacology and how caffeine affected

subjective outcomes and the performance. Sixty coffee drinkers were used and provided with

either 0 mg or 280 mg caffeine. The used caffeine dose had varying instruction and either

enhanced or impaired performance. Various aspects were observed during the study, such as

mood, performance, negative somatic effects and caffeine withdrawer. The given method was a

valid way to test the hypothesis because it produced consistent results. The study found out that

consumption of coffee improved accuracy and the reaction time in visual information processing

task. Coffee was also found to improve psychomotor performance, which was proved when

individual participants were given a finger-tapping exercise. The contribution of this research to

the field of addiction and addictive behaviors is that it helped to strengthen that theory that

caffeine enhances alertness and memory as well.

Shimbo, M., Nakamura, K., Shi, H. J., Kizuki, M., Seino, K., & Inose, T. (2005). Green tea

consumption in everyday life and mental health. Public Health Nutrition , 8 (8), 1300

- 1306 .

The article analyzes a research conducted in Japan, which sought to prove whether green

tea brings about a pleasurable mental feeling. In the study, a hypothesis that consumption of

green tea has a positive psychological effect was formulated. The study involved observig about

six hundred Japannese, whose age ranged between 20 and 69 years old. Some of the responses

were obtained through home interviews. The questionaire helped to obtain information about the

consumption of green tea, life style and consumption of other beverages. Factors such as age,

perceived mental stress, and daily caffeine intake were also considered. However, the studies

showed that brewed green tea did not have any statistical association with decrease in mental

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 5

illneses either on both and female participants. Therefore, the study showed that excessive

consumption of caffeine-related beverages, which had 100 mg caffeine, increased the risk of

mental illness among females. The method used by the researchers to test the hypothesis was

valid because the sample used was big enough to allow a proper formulation of the hypothises.

The importance of this study was to provide informmation on the various beverages’

consumption patterns, and also highlight the risk, posed by excessive consumption of caffeine,

especially to women.

Smith, A. P. (2013). Caffeine, extraversion and working memory. Journal of

Psychopharmacology , 27 (1), 71 - 76 .

The authors in this article sought to verify other researches, which had been conducted

and shown that caffeine benefits the working memory of extraverts than it does for introverts.

The authors aimed to learn more about this fact by utilizing a lower dose of caffeine (65 mg) in

their experiment, and a variety of tasks related to the various working memory components. The

method used was a double blind design, in which 128 participants were subjected to taking

caffeinated or de-caffeinated coffee. The hypothesis of the study was that extraverts benefited

more from the consumption of caffeine than the introverts. The study also found out that caffeine

improved the speed, with which new information could be encoded in the human memory. The

importance of this study was to lay the basis of conducting more research on how caffeine affects

cognitive performance.

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