APA Sample Current Trends In Networking

CURRENT TRENDS IN NETWORKING

Current Trends in Networking

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CURRENT TRENDS IN NETWORKING 2

Table of Contents

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... 2

List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. 2

Report on Current Trends in Networking ..................................................................................... 1

Network Infrastructures ............................................................................................................... 2

Proposed Internet Connection ...................................................................................................... 2

Digital Subscriber Loop (DSL) Internet Access .......................................................................... 4

Benefits of Fiber Optics ............................................................................................................... 7

Cellular Internet Access ............................................................................................................... 8

Satellite Communication Network ............................................................................................... 8

Novel Connection Technologies ................................................................................................ 10

Costs of Various Access Technologies ...................................................................................... 12

Recommendation ....................................................................................................................... 12

Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 14

References .................................................................................................................................. 15

List of Tables

Table 1. A comparison of capabilities and costs of various Access technologies ........................ 12

List of Figures

Figure 1: Cable Modem Termination System ..................................................................... 3

Figure 2: Communication patch panel ................................................................................ 4

Figure 3: Multi Modem Switch........................................................................................... 5

Figure 4: DSL Connectivity. ............................................................................................... 5

Figure 5: DSL communication modem............................................................................... 6

Figure 6: Fibre optic communication modem. .................................................................... 7

Figure 7: Optical Internet connectivity ............................................................................... 7

Figure 8: Satellite Connectivity .......................................................................................... 9

Figure 9: Wireless router. ................................................................................................... 9

Figure 10: Wi-Fi Router.................................................................................................... 10

Figure 11: WiMAX Network system ................................................................................ 11

Figure 12: WiMAX Accessibility ..................................................................................... 11

CURRENT TRENDS IN NETWORKING

Report on Current Trends in Networking

Considering the need to implement a fast and reliable Internet connectivity for Rubha

Reidh, a lighthouse located in remote area in Scotland- UK, it is important to explore a series of

determining factors. This would enhance the realization of a technology based system that suits

prevailing infrastructure. As such, it is realistic that proper and reliable network is important in

the tourism industry hence technological considerations should be made to ensure that the

lighthouse overcomes network problems so as to receive a good number of tourists especially

during the peak seasons. This report will ensure that appropriate network connectivity is selected

so as to enhance proper communication and sharing of electronic files and information in

lighthouse located in remote area within Scotland- UK.

It is a reality that Rubha Reidh lighthouse receives a good number of tourists despite the

prevailing network and communication infrastructural problem, but, implementation of a reliable

Internet connectivity would be a plus to the lighthouse since tourists like just any other person do

value communication as an important tool for development and wellbeing within the global

space. As such, the proposed communication infrastructure would entail voice, and up & down

links so that voice and data could be transferred and received. The report will further examine

the prevailing network technologies within the suburb so as to determine a cost effective way of

implementing a reliable communication system.

Whilst technology has gone a notch higher, the extent at which Internet connectivity is

embraced affirms that it is currently regarded as a key contributor to business success globally

(Como, 2012, p. 12). The various network technologies currently available enhance access to

information, hence tourists would effectively use the network infrastructure to browse for

relevant information at their disposal to streamlining the organization’s operational functions

CURRENT TRENDS IN NETWORKING 2

through prompt update of information on the intranet and the organization’s website within the

World Wide Web (Dulaney, 2015, p. 10).

Network Infrastructures

There are numerous network infrastructures and connectivity that operate under distinct

platforms. As such, based on location, and being that Rubha Reidh lighthouse is located in

remote area within Scotland, perceived number of users and distance from network service

provider would be key determinants on whether to adopt wired or wireless connectivity as far as

network connectivity costs are concerned. The management of Rhuba Reid lighthouse should

ensure that Internet connectivity is sourced from appropriate Internet Service Providers (ISP),

Internet Access Provides (IAP) or appropriate and reliable Wireless Service Provider (WSP)

(Rhadha, 2010, p. 09). Some of the prevailing Internet connectivity include Dial-Up, Cable

Connection, Digital Subscriber Loop (DSL) and Wireless Networks.

Proposed Internet Connection

Before setting on specific Internet connection to adopt for Rhuba Reid lighthouse,

distance and connectivity are important considerations. As such, it could be explicated that wired

connectivity is likely to be tagged along electricity lines to save on cost of acquiring posts for

overhead connectivity, as well as the cost for installing underground cables to the Rhuba Reid

location within remote area with poor roads and network infrastructure. However, broadband

technology could be appropriate for the lighthouse since it offers a series applications like

television, telephony services and Internet access at a considerably high speed. Basically, cable

connection is compatible with latter generation programs and Internet access applications like

3G, 4G and 5G and DSL (Katz, 2015, p. 11; Jamil, 2008, p. 31; Como, 2012, p. 28).

CURRENT TRENDS IN NETWORKING 3

Figure 1: Cable Modem Termination System

Now, the organization is supposed to organize and make enquiries from appropriate and

reliable Internet service provider (ISP) in Scotland; this will involve respective specifications

including number of Internet users, distance, use or purpose of installation and the number of

access points that should be created. As such, cable model termination system (CMTS) will

enhance transfer of both analog and digitized signals from the ISP to the Rhuba Reid lighthouse

(Como, 2012, p. 14).

Now, the cable would require routers to channel the correct data packets to required

address locations accordingly, while signal repeaters would be useful in regenerating signal

strength to avert cross-talk and signal degradation as it approaches the lighthouse. This would

enhance high speed communication with quality voice and data connections (Como, 2012, p.

37). However, on the lighthouse side, the IT department will ensure that installed communication

gadgets and modems for encoding and decoding both analog and digital signal actuators are

maintained at low temperatures, but with constant powering in order to retain system settings and

avert unnecessary disconnections (Katz, 2015, p. 11).

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Figure 2: Communication patch panel

Digital Subscriber Loop (DSL) Internet Access

Digital Subscriber Loop uses a single medium- a twisted pair copper line that entail

signals that could be modulated to give three channels (analogue for voice-no modulation, and

two digital modulated channels for up and down links). Now, considering the distinct area where

the Internet services are required; the Rhuba Reid lighthouse areas, adopting DSL network

connection would be an appropriate alternative to cable connection since it uses a standard phone

line to provide high speed Internet access. With implementation of Digital Subscriber Loop

network, Internet connection would be on 24/7 hour basis (Como, 2012, p. 34). This kind of

network infrastructure uses wireless technology hence does not require physical cabling prom

Internet service provider. Instead, it requires communications modems at the ISP side and the

lighthouse side to be able to link up and create active voice and data transfer channels that could

effectively send and receive data packets at distinct predetermined data transfer rates of up-to

(20Mbps) (Katz, 2015, p. 23).

However, it takes into account the fact that data transceivers detects signal from the

Internet Service Provider (ISP)’s communications modems, decodes, and encode the signal to

produce distinct outputs that could be tapped by the organization and used in telephony, Internet,

CURRENT TRENDS IN NETWORKING 5

and television. Moreover, to integrate DSL and cable modem, the organization has to ensure that

subscribed speed is up to 20Mbps so that the clients would get access to quick Internet

connection networks (Rhadha, 2010, p. 29; Katz, 2015, p. 27). Thus easing access to information

in real time as indicated in diagram 2 below. Moreover, DSL would use coaxial cables, routers

and Bayonet Neill–Concelman- (BNC) connectors for quick connection to radio frequency (RF).

Figure 3: Multi Modem Switch.

Figure 4: DSL Connectivity.

However, since DSL connectivity has numerous categories that provides freedom for selecting

what best fits organization’s specifications, it is important to explore these categories.

Research indicate that within the United Kingdom, Fermanagh and Cookstown in

Northern Ireland have the slowest average Internet speed at 4.3 and 4.4 Mbps. It implies that, for

the light house, unlike the past when download speeds were rated below 2.0 Mbps, a better speed

CURRENT TRENDS IN NETWORKING 6

of between 10 Mbps, 22 Mbps and 24 Mbps, which is regarded as a superfast could be

subscribed to enhance effective communication and data transfer from one remote location to the

other (Katz, 2015, p. 42). Generally, considering cable modem offer less reliable services

because Internet connectivity is dependent on TV services offered by the service provider. DSL

broadband services are much more reliable since the present clients with dedicated Internet

service. But, in regard to cost- cable modem services are generally less costly when compared to

DSL because they operate based on shared facility. DSL needs a separate pair of wires from each

subscriber in addition to installing DSL modem on each line thus making them more costly.

Figure 5: DSL communication modem

Fiber Optic Cable

In this technology, Rhuba Reid lighthouse should underscore the fact that there is

conversion of electrical signals that carry data to light and then sending the light through

transparent glass fibers. Data transmission is always at very high speeds more than that of the

Digital Subscriber Line by almost 10 or 100Mbps (Katz, 2015, p. 15). Optical fiber has

incredibly low loss coupled with extremely high capacity, making it a unique transmission

medium. Distance is not an inherent limitation as optical signals can travel 70–80 km before they

CURRENT TRENDS IN NETWORKING 7

need to be amplified. As an alternative, the restrictions on bit rate result from the speed of

improvement of equipment for data transmission.

Figure 6: Fibre optic communication modem.

Figure 7: Optical Internet connectivity

Benefits of Fiber Optics

Fiber Optic cable connectivity has several benefits when compared to the traditional

connection system which were metallic-based.

Fiber optic cable system are characterized with low attenuation and high signal integrity

and quality which provides room for longer interval of signal transmission. Normally, single line

systems such as copper based systems which extend beyond 1.2 miles need in-line signal to

guarantee satisfactory performance. For fiber optic cables, signals undergo frequent passive and

active processing within 100-60 km (Rhadha, 2010 p13). Unlike electrical signals carried in

copper wires, light signal which is carried in fiber optic cables cannot interfere with other signals

transferred in the same cable. This makes signal transmission faster and efficient.

CURRENT TRENDS IN NETWORKING 8

Cellular Internet Access

Cellular technology makes it possible for mobile Internet access using wireless networks.

The technology has evolved over time beginning from earlier analog technologies to the current

3G, 4G and 5G Internet access. Internet access in this technology is through cell phones (Jamil,

2008, p. 28). Speed may vary according to the provider but the common ones are 3G and 4G

speeds. 3G is the third generation of the cellular network while 4G is the fourth generation of the

cellular network (Como, 2012, p. 8; Katz, 2015, p. 16). However, being that the lighthouse is

situated in remote location, it would not be appropriate since high speed/or later technological

generations are tested within busy areas which require increased communication technology and

rate of resources access (Jamil, 2008, p. 31).

Satellite Communication Network

This network technology is used by many subscribers because it is considered to have

high speeds in downloading and uploading. The download speed is usually up to 22Mbps (Zhao,

2010, p15). This has made it possible for downloading large applications. It is possible to

download large applications. Speed is the most essential consideration while setting up an

Internet connection technology. If the speed is high then there will be no congestion, data

packets will not get lost and also there will be no connection time-out (Katz, 2015, p. 20).

Satellite Internet option is available for many since it is easy to install. It just require a

dish and a modem thus can be used in the remote areas like Rubha Reid where dial up or even

cable modem cannot be accessed. It may affect performance of the satellite Internet technology.

However, satellite Internet technology is a bit expensive because of the installation of the dish

and modem but a better choice for the location of Rubha Reid.

CURRENT TRENDS IN NETWORKING 9

Figure 8: Satellite Connectivity

Retrieved from http://www.itaus.net/info.asp

The premises where the whole communication system should be set, with a satellite

receiver on the rooftop to link up with the ISP server system through to get both voice and data.

However, satellite download link is obtained directly from satellite. However, in order to

effectively implement this system, it require a two to three feet satellite dish and communications

modems. Coaxial cable would be connected from the dish to communications modem for the

users’ computers and other connectivity and gadgets with wireless features. Comparatively to

WiMAX, providing Internet connections in rural areas using satellites has high financial gain

hence Internet service providers would opt for it (Katz, 2015, p. 33).

Figure 9: Wireless router.

CURRENT TRENDS IN NETWORKING 10

Novel Connection Technologies

An alternative source of Internet for the light house in remote location within Scotland

would be wireless connection technology like WiMAX, balloons, satellites and laser link

technologies. Although some alternatives such as distributed Internet systems failed in the past,

the vast distance that would be covered by wired networks in rural areas makes it too expensive

to install and maintain networks in rural areas in Scotland (Dulaney, 2015, p. 36). Thus making it

appropriate to purpose wireless network connectivity for the lighthouse located within remote

area (Rhadha, 2013, p. 25). Moreover, being that homes are sparse in rural areas, the lighthouse

could be befit from high speed wireless communications.

Figure 10: Wi-Fi Router.

After the inception of Wi-Fi, through innovation, further studies indicate that WiMAX

and BridgeMAXX were introduced in late 2004 and early 2005. This is a noble technology

which is openly available. This technology has greatly reduced the 802.16 requirements into

small set of requirements. WiMAX has higher data transfer rates which are as high as 70Mbps,

thus making it reach over 50 Kms (30 miles). Unlike security provisions in Wi-Fi, WiMAX

could be effectively adopted since it is compatible with standards of similar nature. This is not

possible when using Wi-Fi networks. It is important to state that WiMAX has got spawn of

WiMAX like services including BridgeMAXX, another wireless services that is provided by

CURRENT TRENDS IN NETWORKING 11

Digital Bridge Company. As such, this company uses long towers with 5 miles radius especially

when provision Internet services to rural areas.

Figure 11: WiMAX Network system

Figure 12: WiMAX Accessibility

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Costs of Various Access Technologies

WiMAX

CDMA4

WiFi

WipLL

Coverage

5km

17km

1-2 km (omni directional)

5km (directional)

5km

Number of

simultaneous users

16 users

32 users on each

1.25MHz carrier

3 for 802.11b (directional)

24 for 802.11a (directional)

126 users total

Spectrum costs

Unlicensed (2.4/5Ghz)

Licensed (3.5GHz)

Licensed

Unlicensed

Spectrum

availability

380MHZ at 2.4GHz (13 users)

200MHz at 2.4GHz (13 users)

150MHz at 5GHz (13 users)

9Mhz FDD

(Feature Driven

Development)

80MHz at 2.4GHz (13 users)

580MHz at 5GHz (13users)

Same as WiFi

Peak throughput

per user

4Mbps

1Mbps (7 users)

802.11b:5-7Mbps

802.11a:20-30Mbps

4Mbps

Base station costs

current, projected

(2yrs)

$1,999

$1,000

$20,000,

$10,000

$500,

$300

$2,100,

$1,500

Subscriber unit

costs

current, projected

(2yrs)

$1,99

$600

$250

$150

$200,

$150

$500,

$300

Table 1. A comparison of capabilities and costs of various Access technologies

Recommendation

In order for Rubha Reidh to choose the most appropriate technology, it is recommended

that the organization should consider the various features associated with each type of Internet

connectivity and corresponding infrastructure; including cost, accessibility, security, availability

as well as the business needs of the tourist center. Why, this will greatly affect the financial

viability of the company. It is not justifiable, neither is it appropriate to install or to integrate

services that would be of no benefit to the entire organization. If the cost of Internet connectivity

and corresponding maintenance is higher that the perceived gains, then it would be worthless.

CURRENT TRENDS IN NETWORKING 13

However, due to the remote location of Rubha Reidh, WiMAX could be recommended

for the lighthouse since it provides additional range of network strength in tens of kilometers.

Moreover, WiMAX is cost effective since it does not require expensive cabling and wires which

have to be maintained continuously. Often what increases the cost of Internet connection is the

physical connectivity. Thus affirming the reasons as to why Rubha Reidh should adopt WiMAX

as the first priority among other available Internet technologies. In addition, the use of unlicensed

WIMAX within rural areas is very cheap although it has a major disadvantage that; unlicensed

spectrum has issues with collusion response and data loss that are not often prevalent with

licensed spectrum (Dulaney, 2015, p. 24).

Now, regarding cable technology, distance and flexibility especially when carried over

electric power lines, which are fixed slightly below the electric power lines on the same electric

pole. This could only be adopted in case the lighthouse is assured of constant flow of tourists,

why say this, because it has got high connection and maintenance costs as well as service or

subscription costs. Coaxial cables used are effective yes, but expensive although it provides

additional services like TV signals within hybrid Fiber/Co-ax cable infrastructure. As a result, if

Rhuba Reid lighthouse adopts cable technology, clients and the management would effectively

connect and communicate but at higher cost leading to the need to concurrently increase the cost

of service provision in the lighthouse.

However, the lighthouse should only adopt fiber optic technology when there is high

traffic and use of Internet and other services within the organization. For organizations that does

not rely overly on Internet use, adopting this technology would not be cost effective since it will

not have enough traffic. It will be like a waste of resources since huge bandwidth will be

redundant to the lighthouse. Another option that would suit the Rhuba Reid lighthouse is DSL,

CURRENT TRENDS IN NETWORKING 14

but it require shorter distance. Despite the fact that the lighthouse is located in remote area,

distance might be short or long, for short distances, it would be recommended that DSL be

adopted for Internet connectivity. This is due to the fact that it is only available to systems within

3-4 miles of the central office, but through the use of repeaters, it is possible to enhance signal

strength since it is capable of recovering voice and data losses that results from cross-talk and

signal degradation.

Conclusion

Although, all the above explicated network technologies are available for Rubha Reidh,

the management of the organization have to decide on which one best suits their operability as

far as Internet use is concerned. Network connection is very essential for tourist attraction

centers. Hence, tourists will need Internet to search directions and also for uploading and

downloading data. Rubha Reidh is located along a remote coastal area of Scotland but it is a

beautiful site that attracts a lot of tourists especially during the holidays.

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References

Como, J. (2012). Different types of Internet connections. [Online] Available at:

http://www.comstar.info/different-types-of-Internet-connections.html/ [Accessed 29

November 2015].

Dulaney, E. (2015). Internet Access Technologies. Installation and Configuration of WAN

Technologies. Indiana: Pearson IT, pp. 2-5.

Jamil, M. (2008)” 4G: The Future Mobile Technology”, in TENCON 2008 IEEE Region 10

Conference, 19-21.

Katz, M. (2015). Two novel technologies enabling IoT: Mobile clouds and Visible light

communications. Center for wireless communications: University of Oulu.

Rhadha, B. M. (2013). Internet connections. Journal of Information Technology Vol 2 314-318

Zhao, R. 2010. White Paper: Broadband Access Technologies. FTTH Handbook

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