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Question Four

The great depression refers to a period when many economic factors integrated, causing

tough economic times. This happened in the 1930s, with commentators pinpointing several

causative factors, the major ones being bank failure and persistent drought. Economists argue

that banks are essential for the distribution of cash and credit in any given economy. The

collapse of banks implies the suffocation of an economy. The question of bank failure has and

continues to inform discussions about the significant economic disruptions that have been

witnessed globally, including the great depression and the recent great recession. An analysis of

the great depression showed that failure to manage the banking system well resulted in the

collapse of the stock market, further leading to a banking crisis.

An important question worth asking concerns the actions of banks, which translated into

economic uncertainties. The first and perhaps foremost response is that banks embraced

speculative buying as an easy way of gaining profits. They offered credit to individuals, enabling

them to buy stocks. Most individual investors developed an interest in the purchase of shares,

causing banks to lend them the cash they had received from their customers as savings. The

problem emerged when the stock market crashed, causing a significant credit crisis. There was

fear that banks were going to collapse, with account holders resorting to the withdrawal of their

money from the banks. Banks could not operate without cash; as such, many of them had to shut

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down their operations. The collapse of banks had ripple effects on the economy, including

declined investment, and the loss of jobs.

Prolonged drought conditions are another major cause of the great depression.

Commentators have been examining the role that agriculture played in the economy of the

United States, noting that the drought was an indirect causative factor of the economic downturn

of the 1930s. Fellows and Wells (24) examined that the Mississippi Valley, which was rich in

agricultural activities, faced drought conditions of a magnitude that exceeded the community’s

resilience. This phenomenon was of an unproportioned importance, meaning that the farmers that

relied on rains for raising crops and animals could not operate optimally. Their income died

instantly, as severe drought conditions put them out of business. There was a significant decline

in agricultural-related production. Some farmers could not get returns from their investments,

furthering the cash flow problem in the economy. They could not repay the credit they had

secured from the banks.

Agriculture was one of the key contributors to the growth and sustenance of the

economy. The long dry spells killed rain-fed agricultural activities. Not only did the farmers lose,

but also the government, which raised revenues through agrarian taxes. According to Biles (18),

the sales of cotton, which was a critical cash crop, declined from $1.5 billion in 1930 to $45

million in 1931. The persistent drought did not just hinder agriculture but caused other

disruptions in the socio-economic spheres. Studies have established that dust storms were

rampant, disrupting schooling in the most affected regions and the depletion of forests (Putnam

24-25). The direct losses translated into billions of dollars.

Question Five

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Just like other leaders, John F Kennedy’s inaugural aimed at catching the attention of the

American people by instilling hope and voicing the concerns the nation was having. This could

not happen without the use of vital rhetorical tools, including pathos, logos, and ethos (Hargrove

5). The purpose of this essay is to analyze these rhetorical tools, besides identifying the specific

device that dominates Kennedy’s inaugural address.

Kennedy was assuming office at a tough political time during the cold war. The use of

pathos was a significant gesture, given that the citizens were interested in knowing that their

leader was with them and could drive them through the tribulations the country was facing. In

the address, Kennedy invoked the patriotism of the American people. He knew well that

nationalism was key to success in the cold war period. He reminded the audience of the

generations that had come before them. This directed attention to the primary value of liberty,

which the present age ought to embrace, just like the past generations did. He invigorated the

memories of the people who had lost the last ones “. Graces of young Americans who answered

the call of service surrounds the globe,” further inspiring them to act to safeguard the interests of

the country.

The use of logic also plays out in the address. Kennedy brought ought logos by

presenting facts, analogies, and axioms. He further explains the shortcomings of communism. A

classification of the world into five categories is another example of reason in Kennedy’s

address. He intended to help people understand the various dimensions of organization of the

people and society. The classification further helped him advance another agenda; that is,

presenting a plan on how to deal with the different categories of the world. Kennedy employed

facts by explaining the critical elements of the cold war, including space race and the arms race.

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He noted that such an understanding was crucial in establishing a common ground between the

two rival nations.

Lastly, Kennedy used ethos at the begging of his speech. He recognized all the key

political players in the country (Charteris-Black 78), as well as establishing a tone of

reconciliation by explaining that the win was not about him and the party, but about the country.

Kennedy intended to win the hearts of all Americans. He also emphasized the virtue of courage,

explaining that he was up to the task when it came to the duty of defending the freedoms, even

during difficult times, such as was the experience then. He concluded his address by reiterating

the spir it of unselfishness and conscience, which were vital in leading the country through the

troubles.

In summary, logos dominated the inaugural speech, with Kennedy, determined to make

people understand the situation America was facing and how he was going to deal with it. He

was forced to use a lot of illustrations, with both hypothetical and real-life examples to

enumerate his plan for the country.

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Works Cited

Biles, Roger. The South and the New Deal. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of

Kentucky, 2006. Print.

Charteris-Black, Jonathan. Analysing Political Speeches: Rhetoric, Discourse and Metaphor.

London: Palgrave, 2018. Print.

Desjardins, Brigh. President John F. Kennedy: Inaugural Address 1961, 2012. Web. 25 Feb.

2019. <https://sites.psu.edu/brighdesjardinsrclblog/2012/10/04/president-john-f-kennedy-

inaugural-address-1961/>.

Fellows, Nick, and Mike Wells. History for the IB Diploma Paper 3 The Great Depression and

the Americas (mid 1920s–1939). Cambridge University Press, 2016.

Hargrove, Julia. John F. Kennedy's Inaugural Address (ENHANCED eBook). Dayton, OH:

Lorenz Educational Press.

Putnam, Richelle. Mississippi and the Great Depression. , 2017. Print.

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