Basic Software

Why is it important to follow good document structuring techniques? What are some

guidelines for structuring?

Document structuring is important sine the documents that are generated allow us to:

i.) Exchange information between systems

ii.) Navigate documents according to their real meaning

iii.) Auto publish new data

Document structuring involves deciding the grouping and order of sentences in a

generated text. The following approaches are applied in document structuring: schemas, corpus-

based, and heuristic. Schemas are templates that define sentence grouping and ordering

explicitly. Corpus-based method uses corpus analysis technique to automatically generate

structuring models. Finally, heuristic-based structuring follows heuristic rules in defining

document structures.

Why are models of an existing system typically used?

d. To help clarify what the existing system does

Describe the Client-Server architectural pattern and the interaction of each component.

The Client-Server architectural pattern involves a separate client and server system, and a

connecting network. The server is a provider of a resource or service while the client is a service

requester.

Server hosts run server programs to share resources with the clients. The clients, on the

other hand, initiate communication with the servers which await incoming requests. Clients do

not share any of their resources.

Why might open source software be more reliable than proprietary software?

First and foremost, there are thousands of experienced developers working with open

source software. Additionally, a user does not have to worry about predatory vendor lock-in.

They, therefore, cannot be stuck with obsolete or unfriendly systems.

Provide examples of personality types and how those types influence motivation.

There are sixteen personality types including ISTJ, ISTP, ISFJ, ISFP, INFJ, INFP, INTJ,

INTP, ESTP, ESTJ, ESFP, ESFJ, ENFP, ENFJ, ENTP, and ENTJ. These traits influence the

attractiveness and clearness of goals which, in turn, influence the level of motivation. In addition,

personality traits combine with situations to produce motivational states.

What are the three categories of risk management strategies? Provide an explanation for

each.

i.) Avoiding Risks – When a certain strategy is too risky, one may decide adopt another strategy

altogether.

ii.) Reducing Risk – When one does not want to abandon a certain path altogether, reducing the

risk involved would be a viable option. It involves taking the necessary steps to reduce the

possibility of negative outcomes.

iii.) Transferring risk – This strategy involves transferring risk from one party to another. A good

party to whom you can transfer risk is an insurance company. They bear the burden in case

anything goes wrong.

Two types of notation – UML and “boxes-and-lines” – are commonly used for which one of

the following models?

b. Context

One of the diagram types that could represent the essentials of a system is a use case

diagram. Explain when this type might be used and describe how it is presented visually.

These diagrams are used when one wants to show the functional requirements of a

system. It is used in identifying, clarifying and categorizing these requirements. Visually, use

case diagrams contain actors, use cases and the system. An actor is a single entity such as a

person or an organization that interacts with the system. A use case represents one or more

actions that are executed by an actor to achieve a certain objective. Finally, a system is the

product that is under development such as a website.

What is scope creep? Describe how this phenomenon can occur in a systems development

project.

A scope creep refers to uncontrolled growth in the scope of a project at any point after the

commencement of a project. It is also known as called requirement creep, function creep, or

kitchen sink syndrome.

This phenomenon occurs when the project stakeholders do not define, control or

document the scope of a project properly. For example, in a systems development project, the

project team may want to add more value to the project by adding unrequested functionality. The

managers, on the other hand, may fail to add more time or funds for the extra functionality and

thus the scope creeps.

One of the steps or activities involved in preparing a concurrency model is to analyze

deadlocks. Name and briefly describe the other six activities involved in preparing a

concurrency model.

i.) Mapping the element to the tasks – The first step involves determining how many processes

are required and which functional elements will be associated with each process. This mapping

should introduce concurrency.

ii.) Determining the Threading Design – This involves determining the number of threads that

will be included in each process and how the threads are to be used.

iii.) Defining mechanisms for resource sharing – Concurrent threads of execution need to share

resources. It is, therefore, imperative share these resources effectively for optimal performance.

iv.) Defining the IPC mechanism to use – Besides sharing resources, different processes need to

communicate frequently. As such, we need to determine what communication is appropriate.

v.) Assigning Priorities to Threads and Processes – More important work needs to be done before

less important work. It is, therefore, imperative that we control the execution of tasks.

vi.) Analyzing Contention – If contention rises beyond a certain point, the system is bound to

slow down. Therefore, it is important to analyze shared resources and determine points that have

a high potential of an overload. This will come in handy in developing mechanism for handling

such conditions.

How often should you hold reviews for evaluation during the software lifecycle? Why do

you feel this is the case?

One should hold reviews all the time, especially after every phase. Each phase has its

deliverables that feed into the next phase. As such, it would be wise to conduct evaluation at

least once during each phase to ensure that the software meets all requirements.

When are you most likely to finish architecture definition?

Architecture definition is most likely complete once the team has mitigated all the

material risks facing the project. An indication that material risks have been mitigated is the

absence of significant comments or actions upon stakeholder evaluation.

When starting a software development project, the first thing you should do is to think how

to reuse existing software. Justify this statement.

Reusing software presents a tremendous opportunity for increasing productivity of the

project team. By avoiding redundancy, the developers can achieve more in less time. Also, using

proven assets reduces defects and consequently, reduces maintenance costs. In addition, reusing

software leads to improved software quality since the team devotes its efforts to improve

software quality. It also reduces the training costs necessary for engineers to become familiar

with new systems. Therefore, the first thing to do when starting a software development project

is to think how to reuse existing software.

The Development View is one of Phillipe Krutchen’s 4+1 View Model views of software

architecture. Analyze the other fundamental views in this model, including a discussion of

when each would be appropriate to use.

i.) The logical view – It addresses the functional requirements of a system.

ii.) The process view – it takes into account some non-functional requirements such as

availability and performance. In addition, it addresses issues of concurrency and distribution, of

system’s integrity, of fault-tolerance, and how the main abstractions from the logical view fit

within the process architecture—on which thread of control is an operation for an object actually

executed

iii.) The physical view – It takes into account primarily the non-functional requirements of a

system such as scalability, performance, availability, and reliability.

Which one of following statements IS NOT a guiding principle for a successful architecture

definition process?

a. It must be technology-specific

Which one of the following DOES NOT represents a set of process-type documentation?

b. Plans, Systems, and Schedules

One of the types of system documentation generally developed for large systems is the

system maintenance guide. Identify the other six types of system documentation generally

developed for large systems. Why are they important?

System documentation generally developed for large systems include:

i.) The requirements documents with an associated rationale.

ii.) A description of the system architecture

iii.) A description of the architecture of each program

iv.) A description of the functionality and the interfaces for each component.

v.) Validation documents

vi.) Program source code listings

The documents are important for the following reasons:

i.) They act as a medium of communication between the members of the development team

ii.) They provide information for the management to aid in planning, budgeting and scheduling

the development process

iii.) They tell users how to use and administer the system.

iv.) They guide maintenance engineers in the process of maintenance.

One of the fundamental system modeling perspectives is an interaction perspective. Name

and briefly assess the other fundamental system modeling perspectives.

i.) Context perspective – The environment of the system is modeled

ii.) Structural perspective – You model the structure of the data that is processed in the system

iii.) Behavioral perspective – You model the dynamic behavior of the system and how it

responds to different events

Why is it important for a software engineer to uphold a code of ethics? Provide an example

of a professional responsibility that should be followed by a software engineer.

It is important for software engineers to uphold a code of ethics since the products that

they create have a direct impact on the quality of many lives. The code acts as a central guide

and a point of reference that comes in handy in handling ethical dilemmas. An example of a

professional responsibility that a software engineer should follow is giving credit for intellectual

property.

Of the three general models of open source licenses [GPL, LGPL, and BSD], which model

would a proprietary software company be most likely to use? Why?

LGPL since it would allow the proprietary software company to use and integrate

software released under the LGPL without being required to release the source code of their own

creation.

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