Benefits-and-risks-of-medical-marijuana-in-patients-with-terminal-cancer

Running head: BENEFITS AND RISKS OF MEDICAL IN MARIJUANA IN PATIENTS

WITH TERMINAL CANCER 1

Benefits and Risks of Medical in Marijuana in Patients with Terminal Cancer

Student Name

Institutional Affiliation

BENEFITS AND RISKS OF MEDICAL IN MARIJUANA IN PATIENTS WITH TERMINAL

CANCER 2

Benefits and risks of medical marijuana in patients with terminal cancer.

Cancer refers to various types of diseases that result in the mutation of healthy and

normally functioning body cells to deadly cells that rapidly divide forming tumors. If these cell

tumors are not treated on time and appropriately, the effect the major body organs thus

weakening the immune system. Any type of cancer that progresses to levels so advanced that the

patient can no longer respond to medical treatment or cannot be treated at all, it can be

sufficiently referred to as terminal cancer. Imperatively, medical marijuana is one of the

treatment options to alleviate the pain and the deterioration of terminal cancer into the body. This

paper seeks to evaluate the key benefits and risks associated with the use of medical marijuana as

a treatment option for the patients suffering from terminal cancer. The comparative analysis of

the benefits and risks of marijuana use as a treatment option for cancer patients will be based on

a wide range of medical journal publications to provide justifiable recommendations for future

research. This paper will explore various nursing theories to strengthen the comparative

argument based on the implications of using medical marijuana in nursing and healthcare when

used to treat terminal cancer patients.

The significance of the Practice problem

Medical marijuana should be used as a treatment option for patients suffering from

terminal cancer based on the cost-benefit analysis. Imperatively, the benefits surrounding the use

of medical marijuana outweigh the risks when it comes to the treatment of patients suffering

from terminal cancer. Medical marijuana alleviates the most adverse symptoms of cancer as well

as the side effects of chemotherapy not limited to reducing pain, itchiness, and increasing

appetite. These factors are very important in boosting the quality of life for the cancer patients

BENEFITS AND RISKS OF MEDICAL IN MARIJUANA IN PATIENTS WITH TERMINAL

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especially, with regard to basic factors such as the cost of patient care and other treatment

expenses. Basically, medical marijuana is less expensive and has fewer side effects compared to

the pharmaceutical drugs which sometimes react to the patient’s body causing more adverse side

effects. The prevalence of these symptoms when using the medical marijuana results in positive

impacts as they significantly reduce the length of hospital stay, the costs of buying palliatives,

the chances of patient readmission, and also increases the chances of successful home-based

nursing care. However, the use of medical marijuana is faced with some legal and ethical

implications based on the fact that marijuana has been characterized as a drug in most countries.

This is the main limiting factor in the use of marijuana in the treatment of terminal cancer

patients especially, with regard to safety and quality precautions.

Comparatively, the benefits of the use of medical marijuana in patients with terminal

cancer are greater than the risks of its use.

This section is aimed at evaluating the key benefits and risks associated with the use of

medical marijuana on patients suffering from terminal cancer. Based on this analysis, deductions

and comparisons to validate the use of medical marijuana will be used upon the analysis of

particular patient experiences.

Benefits of medical marijuana

• Alleviation of pain: Terminal cancer is primarily characterized by chronic pain that is

usually severe and prolonged. Therefore, patients prefer the use of medical marijuana to control

the pain basically due to the facts that it’s less toxic and addictive compared to other palliatives

(Bradford & Bradford, 2016).

BENEFITS AND RISKS OF MEDICAL IN MARIJUANA IN PATIENTS WITH TERMINAL

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• Increasing appetite: Terminal cancer patients suffer from severe loss of appetite due to

the chemotherapy treatments. The use of medical marijuana is used to increase the patient’s

appetite due to its ability to stimulate the body receptor cells to release ghrelin, the hormone

responsible for pleasure response to food and hunger (Légaré & Witteman, 2013).

• Alleviating skin irritations: The use of medical marijuana has been reported to relieve

the terminal cancer patients from the itchiness resulting from treatment due to its anti-

inflammatory components.

• Minimizing nausea and vomiting: Terminal cancer patients suffer from nausea and

vomiting primarily due to the chemotherapy radiations that invoke intense nausea. Marijuana

contains antiemetic compounds that minimize nausea and vomiting (Philipsen et al., 2014).

Risk of medical marijuana

• Medical marijuana fails to meet the set safety and quality standards that are required

of all medical drugs.

• Many terminal cancer patients who experience depressive side effects observe that the

use of medical marijuana increases their depression symptoms.

• The die effects of medical marijuana take a long period of time to start showing even

in the case of overdose. Therefore, if not taken according to the prescription, it may result in

negative side effects.

The PICOT question to address the problem statement for this particular study is

formulated on the following basis; What are the comparative benefits of using medical marijuana

BENEFITS AND RISKS OF MEDICAL IN MARIJUANA IN PATIENTS WITH TERMINAL

CANCER 5

in the treatment of the patient suffering from terminal cancer as the major intervention to

influence the treatment outcome?.

The study was conducted on a study population composed of 20 participants who were

terminal cancer patients. The participants were randomly selected to investigate the comparison

between the marijuana-based interventions and the pharmaceutical-based palliatives. The

objectives of the study were focused on the treatment outcomes and the specific timing for

administering the treatment. The variables used for this study were mainly concerned with the

investigating the side effects of each treatment, the effects on the cost of healthcare, the effect on

the patient’s quality of life, and the patient readmission rate. Half of the patients were subjected

to the medical marijuana treatment while the other half was subjected to treatment using other

pharmaceutical palliatives. Both groups were observed for a period of 3 weeks.

Theoretical Framework

This study is built upon the application of Orem’s Self-care theory to investigate the

effectiveness of using marijuana as a self-care treatment by the terminal cancer patients

undergoing home-based nursing. This theory is based on self-care deficits that may limit the use

of such treatments in self-care without resulting in much health complications (Furrow et al.,

2014). This theoretical framework explains the self-care demands based on therapeutic

implications on the patients to sustain their well-being. This theory significantly contributes to

this study based on its diverse functional applications in the nursing care and practice especially

to provide the required self-care to the terminally ill patients.

Literature Synthesis

BENEFITS AND RISKS OF MEDICAL IN MARIJUANA IN PATIENTS WITH TERMINAL

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According to New Jersey Alternative Medicine (2018), cancer has affected millions of

American citizens making it the second among the leading diseases that cause death in the

country. However, the application of medical marijuana is one of the best ways for reducing the

disease symptoms and the treatment side effects especially the chemotherapy treatment. Medical

marijuana has been effectively used to reduce the digestive problems, increasing appetite, and

reducing nausea. There are no major side effects of using the medical marijuana thus it’s the

better option compared to the pharmaceutical palliatives(Suzanne Johannigman, 2013).

There is a wide range of treatment options and nursing care methods to reduce the side

effects of cancer treatment medications and processes. These treatment methods are used to

manage the side effects of terminal cancer for patients to cope better due to the use of

complementary palliative care ("Cancer Treatment | Cancer Treatment Side Effects", 2018). The

use of medical marijuana helps the terminal cancer patients to relieve the disease symptom in a

way that is not likely to result in more complicated side effects. Among the most common cancer

treatment methods for which marijuana would help to relieve the side effects include surgery

procedures, chemotherapy, radiations and targeted therapies, and immunotherapy treatments.

Bollinger (2017) notes that medical marijuana has been culturally used to treat over 100

illnesses since the ancient times. Cannabinoids, a derived chemical substance from marijuana has

been experimentally proved to suppress and kill tumorous cells within the mammalian bodies as

it interferes with the communication of tumor cells thus limiting their multiplication based on its

apoptosis abilities. Cancer treatment process that involves various therapies results in nausea as

the primary side effect. As a result, Karen (2018) notes that lack of effective measures to counter

nausea may result in negative consequences on the patient’s health since it interferes with the

appetite and the entire process of digestion. The best way to address this issue is through the use

BENEFITS AND RISKS OF MEDICAL IN MARIJUANA IN PATIENTS WITH TERMINAL

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of medical marijuana which has fewer side effects and more healing benefits to the patient’s

body (Mary Lynn Mathre, 2012).

Medical marijuana contains active elements known as cannabinoids that significantly

help in the regulation of key biological functions especially in the correction of neural damage

that results from chemotherapy treatment ("Medical Marijuana and Cancer | CancerCare", n.d.).

Additionally, various pre-clinical studies have been used to investigate the effectiveness of

medical marijuana in the inhibition of tumor growth. The key chemical components of medical

marijuana are known as the cannabinoids, it helps in the treatment of the most common cancer

symptoms due to their therapeutic effects on the central nervous system as well as other

functions of relieving pain and inflammation on the terminal cancer patients ("Cannabis and

Cannabinoids", 2017).

The increase in the demand for the use of medical marijuana in the treatment of cancer

prompted the NSW government to come up with some policies and terminal illness cannabis

scheme that allowed the cancer patients to use marijuana as treatment options (“Medical use of

marijuana”, 2014). However, the law that allows the use of medical marijuana is based on the

condition that it’s used to relieve the chemotherapy effects, as analgesics, and to stimulate

appetite. This law does not allow smoking as a proper administration of cannabis because it

introduces carcinogenic chemicals into the lungs. According to Sara (2017), medical marijuana is

being used by 25% of the terminal cancer patients to alleviate the chemotherapy effects related to

pain and loss of appetite. However, medical marijuana has limited effects on the alleviation of

cancer symptoms due to insufficient research to quantify its use in the cancer treatment.

However, the intake of marijuana by smoking increases the risks of high blood pressure (Borgelt

et al., 2013).

BENEFITS AND RISKS OF MEDICAL IN MARIJUANA IN PATIENTS WITH TERMINAL

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Among the key factors limiting the research and usage of medical marijuana is its illegal

status in most countries. However, this does not refute the facts regarding its proven

effectiveness the pain management, induce sleep and curb weight loss ("Benefits of Marijuana in

Pain Management for Cancer Patients", 2017).

Imperatively, the medical cannabinoid component of medical marijuana has been

successful as an integrative medical alternative in the palliative care to treat 40% of cancer

patients in America according to the World Health Organization (Aggarwal, 2016). According to

this study, proper prescription of the medical marijuana improves the body response to various

cancer and treatment symptoms by helping the body to aesthetically respond to mood disorders,

weight loss, anorexia, pain, and sexual functions (Hill.2015). Additionally, the cannabinoid

elements of medical marijuana relieve the body of various complications associated with the

reduced body functionality by stimulating the key brain neurons that respond to changes in the

body functions associated with pain and appetite (Reinarman et al., 2011). This optimizes the

primary sensory abilities of the body resulting in a generally improved quality of life with regard

to health and spiritual suffering of the terminally ill cancer patients (Hart et al., 2004).

The effects of medical marijuana in the treatment of patients suffering from chronic

cancer vary with the treatment stage in which the delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other

cannabidiol elements are subjected to the patient’s body (Todaro, 2012). The CBD helps in the

management of various symptoms associated with seizures and paranoia. However, the amounts

of the healing substances found in the marijuana medicine vary with the crop strains of the plants

in which the substances are derived. The impacts of the marijuana medicine also vary with the

BENEFITS AND RISKS OF MEDICAL IN MARIJUANA IN PATIENTS WITH TERMINAL

CANCER 9

form in which it’s introduced into the body (Kramer, 2015). For instance, when taken orally

mixed with food substances, it takes a longer period of time to get absorbed into the body. When

the marijuana is inhaled, it’s rapidly absorbed into the system but has more side effects on the

lungs despite the fact that it significantly contributes to the treatment of pain resulting from the

nerve damage in the process of chemotherapy (McRae-Clark, 2015).

The use of marijuana also results in side effects that are harmful to the users especially

those in terminal conditions. It lowers the ability of the patient to coordinate some body

functions such as movement as it disorients nerve coordination. However, the increase in the

demand for the use of cannabinoid drugs in the alleviation of side effects of various treatment

process such as chemotherapy, the federal government has approved two major medical

substances made of marijuana compounds for prescribed medical use (Hoffman & Webber,

2010). These substances include;

• Dronabinol: This is a gelatin capsule that is used in the treatment of nausea, loss of

appetite, and vomiting which mainly results from chemotherapy treatments. This drug is legally

approved for medical use due to the effectiveness of the Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol substance

in alleviating the above-stated side effects (Narang et al., 2008).

• Nabilone: This drug is made of synthetic cannabinoid which functions on the same

basis as the Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol component. It’s orally ingested to treat the

chemotherapy side effects associated with nausea and vomiting (Mochado Rocha et al., 2008).

A number of studies reveal that the dronabinol component of marijuana helps the cancer

patients to improve their food intake to reduce weight loss to ensure that their body remains

healthy (Gerich et al., 2015). However, the same compound has been known to experience

problems due to increased heart rate after using these substances. This causes a reduction in the

BENEFITS AND RISKS OF MEDICAL IN MARIJUANA IN PATIENTS WITH TERMINAL

CANCER 10

blood pressure and dizziness that may worsen the signs of depression and general body

coordination (Cilio et al., 2014). This necessitates the need for more research on how

cannabinoids can be used as improved therapies for alleviating the effects of cancer and its

treatment methods. Medical decisions regarding the type of chemical substances to use for

alleviating pain and other treatment symptoms of the cancer treatment therapies should be made

with the due consideration of the medical need and the patient’s preference to ensure that it has

more positive benefits (Belendiuk et al., 2015).

Practice Recommendations

Based on the collected data regarding the use of medical marijuana in the alleviation of

the side effects resulting from the treatment and the actual effects of the disease, it’s important

that more clinicians should recommend the use of medical marijuana by terminally ill cancer

patients. Various studies carried out by research scientists reveal that medical marijuana has been

used consistently to produce the required results in the alleviation of chemotherapy effects

related to poor appetite, pain, weight loss, and nausea. However, I would recommend that

governments should legalize the medicinal use of marijuana to allow for further research that

will promote the advanced application of this method of treatment on terminally ill cancer

patients. Additionally, the side effects of using medical marijuana can be reduced by ensuring

that the patients are prescribed the proper dosage to ensure that the applicable laws are

effectively reinforced.

Project description

This project was completed with the help of published articles that provided information

required from published studies. The major resources that were required included some samples

BENEFITS AND RISKS OF MEDICAL IN MARIJUANA IN PATIENTS WITH TERMINAL

CANCER 11

of the medical marijuana and other commonly used palliatives. Data on the number of patients

suffering from cancer was also required in the selection of the sample for the study. As the

project leader, I applied my leadership skills as well my professional background in the

managing of the study resources to ensure that the whole project remains within the ethical and

legal confines.

Project Evaluation

The study findings were evaluated on the basis of the comparisons between the effects of

each dosage prescription on the patients. The outcomes depend on how well the patients respond

to the treatment depending on their own experiences. The reliability and validity of this review

were catered by ensuring that the experiments were repeated on a regular basis for 3 weeks to

check for consistency of the results. This provided continuous data for the sequential reports on

patient feedback. The extraneous variables were controlled by ensuring that the experiment was

carried out on the basis of the cost-benefit analysis of the medical marijuana usage on cancer

treatment.

Discussion and Implications for Nursing and Healthcare

The project evaluation results reveal that the use of medical marijuana in the treatment of

terminal cancer patients significantly contributes to the alleviation of the major side effects of

cancer and it’s the treatment options. This is due to the reduced side effects of the medical

marijuana compared to other pharmaceutical palliatives. The internal validity was addressed by

ensuring that there was no chance of having more than 2 independent variables acting at the

same time. Each patient was subjected to one particular treatment to ensure that the observations

BENEFITS AND RISKS OF MEDICAL IN MARIJUANA IN PATIENTS WITH TERMINAL

CANCER 12

are made on the same basis only (Volkow et al., 2014). The key project limitations that I

encountered were mainly on the costs of providing the patients participating in the study with

appropriate care to ensure that the study results are accurate and consistent. The sources of

potential bias and threats to internal validity for this study included experimental mortality and

the variation in the disease response to treatment among the patients.

This study will form the basis of further research required for extensive application of

medical marijuana to treat a wide range of diseases due to its aesthetic nature. Thus, I would

recommend the institution of various policies to reduce the legal restrictions on the

experimentation and use of medical marijuana for treatment in the practice of nursing and the

entire healthcare industry.

Plans for dissemination

I will present this project to my classmates with the aid of audio-visual equipment to aid

their understanding of the graphical illustrations and the entire context of this paper.

Additionally, I would invite the dean of the school of nursing and the leading professionals in the

practice of nursing to allow my project a wider scope of peer review. I presented the project in

sections right from the basic introduction to experimentation and to the recommendations in a

manner that is easier to understand and follow. The stakeholders responded positively to this

project by expressing their willingness to partner with me for advanced research in the use of

medical marijuana to treat terminal cancer patients. I plan to present this project at the regional

workshop for nurses to give it a wide scope for possible corrections before the actual publication.

I would prefer submitting my journal to PubMed journal for publication because it's well

established in the nursing publications.

BENEFITS AND RISKS OF MEDICAL IN MARIJUANA IN PATIENTS WITH TERMINAL

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Summary and Conclusion

Medical marijuana has proven to be significantly effective in the alleviation of the effects

of cancer and the related therapy treatments on terminally ill patients. This paper focused on

investigating the associated benefits and risks associated with the use of medical marijuana as a

cancer treatment option. The study reports reveal that the benefits of using this treatment method

are more than the associated risks thus it should be widely applied due to reduced side effects.

This paper outlined the key benefits and risks of using medical marijuana as the best alternative

for treating terminal cancer patients compared to the pharmaceutical palliatives. This study

included the analysis of 30 peer-reviewed nursing journals to give more insight on the study

findings on the benefits and risks of using medical marijuana to alleviate effects related to weight

loss, eating disorders, nausea, vomiting, and pain resulting from chemotherapy treatments. The

study results revealed that the benefits exceed risks thus it was recommended that medical

marijuana is the best option for treatment that should be subjected to research to revolutionize

the nursing industry and general healthcare services.

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