Bibliography Critical Review

Running Head: CRITICAL REVIEW 1

CRITICAL RIVIEW

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CRITICAL REVIEW 2

Introduction

This paper is a Critical Review of “Satyanarayanan (2001), M. 2001. Pervasive

computing: vision and challenges. Personal Communications, IEEE, 8, 10-17.” VS. “Schmidt,

A., Beigl, M. & Gellersen, H.-W. 1999. There is more to the context than location. Computers &

Graphics, 23, 893-901." Satyanarayanan (2001)’s article brings out the challenges in the mobile

computing sector. Schimdt et al. (1999) discuss developing an ambiguous system that explores

the connection that exists between parameter location, and implementation of applications said

termed to be context-aware. He goes forward to the applications ca be applied in as a basis of his

theory.

Problem Identification

Satyanarayanan (2001)’s works is a proposal that brings out the challenges of a new

world of visionary technological advancement. It is an amplification of Mark Weiser’s vision of

1991 of ambiguous computing; that was the need to develop a computer community, with the

capability to compute and communicate while integrated with the human users. However, the

technological progress did not support the idea, until recently, with the hardware advancement,

several of this exotic pervasive computing are currently commercially available. The main

objective of the article, therefore, is to enable the users critically understand the problems posed

by the implementation of pervasive systems and computing (Satyanarayanan, 2001). In Schmidt,

Beigl, & Gellersen (1999) report, the aspiration to support computer usage satisfactorily in the

frequently changing physical environment, led to the investigation of context-awareness in

distributed computing (Schmidt, Beigl, & Gellersen, 1999).

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Goal of the Rsearch

The reseach, according to Schmidt, Beigl, & Gellersen (1999) proposes that ultra-mobile

computing, described by operational and operated devices, can greatly benefit from the concept

of context.the article, therefore, introduces a working model for the context, highlights the

mechanisms that enable aquire context beyond level, applications of the context-awareness in

ultra mobile computing. As for Satyanarayanan (2001), the article suggests emerging fields of

ubiquitous computing.

Literature Review

Pervasive computing is a recent technology that is a revolutionary step that succeeded

distributed systems and mobile computing. Existing solutions may be applied directly to

problems caused by this case. However, some may require new solutions. Distributed networks

emerged during the intercession personal computers, and local area networks, while mobile

computers appeared afterward, after the problem of distributed systems was confronted.

Distributed systems had limitations; variation of network quality, problems due size and weight,

and battery power concerns. Mobile computing is divided into various categories that include;

mobile networking, mobile information access, support for adaptive applications techniques for

system energy saving, and sensitivity to location. Schmidt, Beigl, & Gellersen (1999) in their

article, proposes various models so as to structure the concept of context. The models are

categorized hierarchically. These categories are depicted in Figure 1 below.

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Fig. 1. Conceptual Context Feature Space. Adapted from There is more to Context Than

Location. Computers and Graphics, 893-90. By Schmidt, A., Beigl, M., & Gellersen, H.-W.

(1999)

Methodology

Pervasive computing is reliant on mobile computing although it is an improvement of it.

Its ability to support mobility makes it integrated to the users. It adopts various agenda in it that

include; the effective application of smart spaces, invisibility, localized scalability, and masking

uneven conditions. A smart space can either be a room or an open area with computing

infrastructure. Invisibility follows the idea that was expressed by Weisner. Pervasive computing

grows in sophistication as it works in a smart space. This is due to the interaction with the user is

increased between the computer and the surrounding. However, the problem associated with this

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is that it has a severe bandwidth, energy and implications resulting from destruction. Multiple

users, however, propel this. It was necessary to develop a technique for unmasking the uneven

condition of the environment. Factors such as economics and business models determine the

penetration rate of pervasive computing into the infrastructure. Satyanarayanan (2001) has well

used the example of scenarios to bring real word of application of pervasive technology.

In the article of Schmidt, Beigl, & Gellersen (1999), contexts are either explicitly

acquired when the user specifies, or by implicitly through observing both the user and the

computer-based activity. According to Schmidt, Beigl, & Gellersen (1999), in mobile computing,

the usage of applications is set in different environments at different times, hence establishing a

varying context that will lie separately from the human-computer system interface. According to

Schmidt, Beigl, & Gellersen (1999), ultra-mobile devices are integrated with sensor technologies

that advance in respect to size, processing requirement, power utilization and cost-effectiveness.

The sensor technologies include; vision, audio, motion, location, bio-sensors, specialized

sensors.

Advantages

Satyanarayanan (2001)’s proposal in pervasive computing is crucial for effective

proactivity and ability to track the user’s intention. Satyanarayanan (2001) explains that this

helps in determining the user activity rather than ending it in case of a problem. Accomplishing

this vision will bring into reality the need to have small-size devices, light and long life batteries.

However, this comes with a constraint that mobile users will require capabilities of computing

and manipulation of data beyond those of lightweight mobile computers. However, the problem

can be solved with the application of cyber foraging. In Schmidt, Beigl, & Gellersen (1999),

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awareness of context benefits ultra-mobile computing in various ways; adapting to the changes

of the environment, and through enhancement of the user interface. Context awareness also helps

in improving human interaction with the ultra-mobile devices.

Disadvantages

The demand for power increase with the use of sophisticated software, furthermore,

restricting computers to be light weight and compact causes problems to the battery. The amount

of memory CPU power and space is directly proportional to the size of the hardware. Reducing

the size of this, means imposing constraints on the hardware design. Satyanarayanan (2001)

suggests that pervasive systems should have the ability to recognize the user’s state and

surrounding, and be able to modify its behavior accordingly, that is, physical location, body

temperatures, and behavior patterns. However, it will be a challenge to obtain the information for

it to function in the a context-awareness manner required. A proactive system can be annoying

and thus unable to meet the goal of invisibility. However, this can solved by the application of

self-tuning. Both mobile computing and distributed systems have the problem of privacy though

pervasive computing complicates it further. Mechanisms such as tracking locations, smart spaces

complicates and reduces privacy (Satyanarayanan, 2001).

Conclusion

Just like Weisner stated in his vision, achieving pervasive computing will be challenging

as a research problem. Therefore, solving the problems will require revisiting past assumptions

broadening discourse in various topics. In case of high demand for pervasive computing, the

strategies put in place for adaptation include; clients should change their behavior so as to use

less of the resource, asking for a guarantee of a certain level of resource, and suggesting

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correction on the user’s actions. Schmidt, Beigl, & Gellersen (1999) in their work shows that the

application of context-awareness will enhance ultra-modern devices in providing improved

interface with the user. Schmidt, Beigl, & Gellersen (1999) proposed the use of sensors to gain

the context information. However, more research is required so as to acquire information by

networked sensors so as to improve ultra-mobile devices.

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References

Satyanarayanan, M. (2001). Pervasive Computing: vision and challenges. Personnal

Communicatiions. IEEE, 10-17.

Schmidt, A., Beigl, M., & Gellersen, H.-W. (1999). There is more to Context Than Location.

Computers and Graphics, 893-901.

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