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Biology Assignment

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Respiratory System

The respiratory system contains of specialized organs that are essential for gas exchange in

plants and animals including human beings. The process is beneficial to humans because it

allows them to have the much-required oxygen into their systems. The gas is then supplied to

cells to aid in the burning of foods, releasing energy to assist humans in conducting their

functions properly. The following are the primary organs that are essential in promoting the

process of respiration.

1. Mouth and Nose

The mouth is also known as the oral cavity, and is the secondary external opening of the

respiratory tract. The nasal cavity is significant in promoting most of the breathing process, but

the mouth can be used to supplement it when needed. However, notable differences between the

nasal and oral cavity include the absence of hairs and sticky mucus in the mouth, which aid in

the filtering process. Despite that, the primarymajor significance of breathing through the mouth

is that it allows more air to enter the body quickly because of its larger diameter and a short

distance to the lungs.

The nose from the firstprimary external opening of the respiratory system through which the air

moves into the body. The nose is a structure found on the face and is made up of cartilage,

muscle, bone, and skin, which supports the anterior nasal cavity. The nasal cavity is hollow with

mucous membrane and lined with hairs. The nasal cavity is significant in warming, filtering and

moisturizing the air entering into the body. The mucus and hair lining are also essential forin

trapping pollen, mould, dust, and other environmental contaminants, before they can enter into

the inner parts of the body. The nose is also significant in allowing the air to existing the body in

return heating and moistening the nasal cavities.

2. Trachea

The trachea or windpipe is 5-inch long tube consisting of a C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings lined

with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. The throatwindpipe links the larynx to the

bronchi and enables the air to pass froorm the mouth and nose to the thorax. The functionality of

the rings is to allow the trachea be open to air at all times. The primary role of the trachea is to

give clear airway for the air to enter and leave the lungs. Also, the epithelium lining of the

windpipe contains or generate mucus that is useful in trapping foreign particles, preventing them

froorm reaching into the lungs.

3. Lungs

The lungs are a pair of large, spongy organs situated in the thorax superior to the diaphragm and

lateral to the heart. The right and left lungs are slightly different in shape and size due to the

heart pointing to the left side of the human body. Thus, the left lung is smaller than the right lung

and contains 2 lobes while the right lung comprisentains 3 lobes. The interior of the lungs is

made up of soft tissues with many capillaries and more than 30 million air sacs, alveoli.

4. Diaphragm Muscle

The diaphragm is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle that is found inat the thoracic cavity. It

separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. The diaphragm is the main breathing

muscle that influences the contractions of the respiratory activity.

5. Alveoli

The alveoli are cup-shaped structures situated at the end of the terminal bronchioles and areis

well surrounded by millions of capillaries. They are lined with thin and simple squamous

epithelium that is helpful in allowing the air to enter the alveoli to facilitate the exchange of

gases with the blood passing through the capillaries.

Urinary System

The urinary system consists of ureters, kidneys, urethra, and bladders. The primarymain purpose

of this system is to dispense with squanders form the body, direct blood PH, regulate levels of

metabolites and electrolytes, and manage circulatory strain and the blood volume. The following

are the parts of the urinary system:

1. Left Kidney

2. Dorsal Aorta

3. Ureter

4. Urethra

5. Urinary bladder

6. Inferior vena cava

The kidneys contain largevast units known as nephrons that are vital in processing and

managing of blood within the body. The kidneys have a largebroad blood supply through the

dorsal aorta, which leaves the kidney through the inferior vena cava. Following filtration of

blood and further processing, squanders leave the kidney through the ureters (tubes that are

made of smooth muscle filaments) that aid in the transfer of pee from the kidney to the

urinary bladder. The urinary bladder acts as a storage of waste products, which after being

filled up, are eliminated from the body through the urethra.

The Digestive System

The digestive system is vital in humans because it allows the processing of foods within the

body. This systemsystem is however unique as t combines of different organs from the mouth to

the anus, which hasve different functionalities in ingesting food, and converting it into nutrients

and energy. Food passes through the gastrointestinal tract, where it is processed, to allow the

body get the much-needed energy offrom vitamins and starch. The following are the major

organs of the digestive system:

1. The Mmouth

The mouth is the beginning of the digestive system, and it is where absorption begins. After

food is placed in the mouth, the salivary organs within the mouth are triggered to emit saliva,

making the mouth watery. The saliva aids in the breakdown of food, before food leaves into the

stomach through the oesophagus.

2. OophagousEsophagus

2. Th oesophagus is also known as the food pipe, a long muscular tube that connects the mouth and

the stomach. Food passes down this pipe, and its movement is aided by the peristaltic

contractions down the pharynx to the stomach.

3. Stomach

3. The stomach is a large muscular organ that is found on the left side of the upper abdomen. It

receives food from the oesophagus and secretes enzymes and acids that initiate the process of

food digestion.

4. Pancreas

4. The pancreas is vital in the digestion process because it is able to replace enzymes in the

duodenum. This is meant to ensure that there is healthy digestion and that the body receives all

the needed nutrients.

5. Large intestine

5. The large intestine extends from the cecum to the anus and includes the transverse colon, the

sigmoid colon, the descending colon, the rectum, and the ascending colon. It is vital in the

digestion process and aids in the absorption of water and storing of the remaining waste

materials as faeces that are later removed from the body through the anus.

6. Anus

6. This an opening that is found at the end of the large intestines, which aids in the removal of

faeces out of the human body.

7. Small intestine

7. The small intestine lies between the large intestines and the stomach and includes the jejunum,

duodenum, and ileum. It is the place where most of the end absorption of food takes place. It is

tightly folded to allow the large surface area to volume ratio for enhanced absorption process.

8. Gall bladder

8. The gallbladder is primarily involved in the production, storage and transportation of bile. Bile is

essential in breaking up and digesting fats in the small intestine.

9. The liver

The liver contains different functionalities, but in the digestive system, it is responsible for

processing supplements assimilated from the small intestines. Also, the liver releases bile that is

transferred into the small digestive system, where it plays a vital role in processing fats.

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