Biology Of Social Issues

Running Head: BIOLOGY OF SOCIAL ISSUES

Biology of Social Issues

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BIOLOGY OF SOCIAL ISSUES 2

Scientific Reports: National Cancer Institute. (2019). Stem Cell Transplant. Retrieved from

https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/stem-cell-transplant

Date: April 29, 2015

Title: Stem Cell Transplants in Cancer Treatment

Summary

Stem cell transplant is a technique of treating leukemia also known as cancer of the blood.

The transplantation of stem cell helps to restore blood-forming stem cells for individuals who their

stem cells are damaged due to the performance of many chemotherapies or radiation therapy. The

stem cells are essential because they grow into various types of blood cells that are responsible for

body functions. Stem cells grow into white blood cell responsible for the immune system and fight

against pathogens, red blood cell that helps in the transportation of oxygen and platelets that assist

in blood clotting. In blood-forming stem cell transplant, the cells may be from the bone marrow of

the patient and bloodstream. There are three forms of stem cell transplant applied in curing of

leukemia. Autologous in which the stem cells come from the individual who is the sick, syngeneic

type of operation that the cells are sourced from another person who may be a blood relative or

not relative and the allogeneic when the stem cells are sourced from the sick person's identical

twin.

Stem cell transplant does not treat cancer directly but instead improves the patient's rate of

producing stem cells following leukemia treatment that involves many radiation and chemotherapy

processes. The treatment has been effective in types of leukemia and multiple myeloma, and it

may work against cancerous cells directly. The effectiveness is due to an effect known as graft-

BIOLOGY OF SOCIAL ISSUES 3

versus-tumor which happens in cases of allogeneic transplant. The effect involves white blood

cells from the donor attacking remaining cancerous cells in the system of the stem cell receiver.

Graft-versus-tumor effect has improved the effectiveness of stem cell transplant mode of leukemia

treatment. It is important to note that the blood-forming stem cells from the donor have to be

compatible with the recipient's blood-forming stem in various ways to improve chances of

allogeneic transplant and reduce possible side effects.

Scientific Report: Cancer Research. (2019). what is immunotherapy| Cancer Research UK?

Retrieved from https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-

general/treatment/immunotherapy/what-is-immunotherapy

Date: 04 Nov 2017

Title: Immunotherapy

Summary

Immunotherapy is a standard way of treating cancer that applies an individual's defense

system to fight against cancer. Currently, it has been noted to be effective in the treatment of

melanoma type of cancer by helping the body's defense system to recognize and fight the cancerous

cells. The immune system such as the spleen, white blood cells and lymph works to help the body

fight and prevent the development of cancer by spotting and damaging cancerous cells in the body.

However, when the body's immune system is not strong enough to kill the cancer cells, then cancer

will develop. The cancerous cells can also produce signals that prevent the immune system from

attacking and destroying them. Also, the tumor cells can hide therefore preventing the defense

system from destroying and killing them. Immunotherapy used in the treatment of melanoma skin

BIOLOGY OF SOCIAL ISSUES 4

cancer is called checkpoint inhibitors, and some of the commonly available drugs are CTLA-4,

PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors.

The checkpoint inhibitors block the proteins that prevent the body defense system from

identifying and killing the cancer cells. The immune cells such as the T cell destroys bacteria and

viruses and protects people from diseases. These cells contain proteins that turn on immune

reaction and other proteins that turn the immune response off. The proteins make the T cells to be

active when there is an infection while others help the T cells become inactive because if they

become active for a long time, it may react with things they should not respond with. And this may

destroy healthy cells and other normal tissues in the body. Drugs such as PD-1 and CTLA-4 are

called checkpoint inhibitors, and they block checkpoint proteins that deactivate T cells that protect

the development of cancer cells. The drugs are also known as the targeted treatment helps stop the

growth of melanoma skin cancer especially at early stages of development. It is noted to have

various side effects such as fatigue, the feeling of being sick, diarrhea and dry coughs. When used

in the treatment of advanced melanoma the side effects may be severe and also for those patients

who have ipilimumab the side effects may be severe.

Article: Cdc.gov. (2019). How Is Prostate Cancer Treated? | CDC. Retrieved from

https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/prostate/basic_info/treatment.htm

Title: How Is Prostate Cancer Treated?

Date: June 11, 2018

Summary

Various research shows that external-beam radiation therapy has been the most effective

option for prostate cancer treatment. And prostrate patients who undergo external-beam radiation

BIOLOGY OF SOCIAL ISSUES 5

therapy registers approximately 95.5% rate of being cured among those in intermediate-risk

prostate cancer. Noteworthy is that for patients with high-risk prostate cancer have a 91.3% cure

rate.Further, the current study shows that there is a survival rate of five years those prostrate

patients who undergo the treatment. A comparison between external-beam radiation therapies with

other therapies for prostrate such as brachytherapy shows that the former is more effective than

any other medication. Men with prostate cancer who discover cancer at its early stages would

benefit from external-beam therapy and increase their chances of survival by approximately five

years. The method though expensive depending on the rate at which it is done has been dominant

in prostate cancer treatment.

Radiation therapy involves treatment through radiation and can be conducted in many ways

as per the on nature cancer. In external-beam radiation applies from outside the body direct

radiation to the part if the body with cancerous cells. The radiation affects both the tumors and the

healthy cells, but the magnitude of the effect is excellent in the malignant cells than the healthy

cells. If the objective of the treatment is to cure cancer, then a higher dose of radiation would be

directed to the area with cancer to kill the cancer cells and clear the tumor. Despite its effectiveness,

the radiation has one significant demerit. Continuous use of emissions destroys healthy cells, and

sensitive parts of the body may be damaged.

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