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Case Study 1

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Case Study 1

Anemia is a condition that results from inadequate healthy blood cells in the body that

can carry sufficient oxygen to the tissues of the body. There are various types of the anemia, and

each has its cause, signs, and symptoms. The most common signs and symptoms of anemia

include fatigue, weakness, pallor, irregular heartbeats, dizziness, and lightheadedness most of

which Ms. A is manifesting (Cunningham et al, 2014). The types of anemia include iron

deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiency anemia, and anemia due to chronic disease, aplastic

anemia, hemolytic anemia and sickle cell anemia among others.

Ms. A is suffering from iron deficiency anemia which is the most common form of

anemia. Iron deficiency anemia mostly arises from chronic blood loss, especially in excessive

menorrhagia. The signs of iron deficiency anemia involve weakness, tiredness, shortness of

breath and a fast heartbeat (Lanzkowsky, 2016). In most cases, the symptoms of the leading

cause of this type of the anemia may be present, and this includes heavy menstrual bleeding and

or abdominal pain that occur as a result of peptic ulceration.

Ms. A has reported that she has been experiencing menorrhagia which is menstrual flow

in which there is abnormally heavy or prolonged bleeding. Menorrhagia causes loss of excess

blood through menstrual flow and results in insufficient blood in the body system which results

in anemia. Menorrhagia results from hormone imbalance, ovarian dysfunction, uterine fibroids,

polyps and adenomyosis among others (Cunningham et al, 2014). Anemia is a common

complication of menorrhagia as it reduces the number of circulating red blood cells. Ms. A also

experiences dysmenorrhea for which she takes aspirin to relieve the pain. Aspirin is an anti-

inflammatory with anticoagulation properties which makes the menorrhagia severe. Aspirin

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makes blood very thin which makes it easy for loss and exacerbates the menorrhagia and its

effects.

Iron is an essential component in the formation of red blood cells which is the main

component of hemoglobin. Iron is obtained from dietary intake and depends on the absorption in

the gut which is facilitated by vitamin B12. Most of the iron is recycled after hemolysis of red

blood cells and used in the synthesis of more red blood cells (Lanzkowsky, 2016). The continued

recycling of iron ensures that there is no wastage of iron and facilitates the continued production

of adequate hemoglobin. The loss of blood in any way from the body implies that there is a loss

of iron which is necessary for the formation of red blood cells.

As a result, the iron left in the body is inadequate for the production of adequate red

blood cells which leads to low levels of hemoglobin (Smith, 2018). Red blood cells are the most

significant component of hemoglobin, and their insufficient production is evidenced by a

hemoglobin level of 8g/dL and hematocrit of 32% in Ms. A.

The client also demonstrates microcytic and hypochromic cells as shown in the

laboratory analysis. Microcytosis is the production of red blood cells with small size as

compared to the normal size while the hypochromia is the presence of light shaded red blood

cells. Such red blood cells are small in size and do not have a lot of redness as expected due to

the absence of adequate iron (Smith, 2018). Ms. A has microcytic and hypochromic red blood

cells which are a sign of iron deficiency anemia. The management of Ms. A will be based on

treating the underlying causes of Menorrhagia and dysmenorrheal.

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References

Cunningham, F., Leveno, K., Bloom, S., Spong, C. Y., & Dashe, J. (2014). Williams obstetrics,

24e. Mcgraw-hill.

Lanzkowsky, P. (2016). Iron-deficiency anemia. In Lanzkowsky's Manual of Pediatric

Hematology and Oncology (Sixth Edition) (pp. 69-83).

Smith, R. P. (2018). Dysmenorrhea and Menorrhagia: A Clinician’s Guide. Springer.

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