Causes Of CKD In Miami Rvsed

Running Head: CAUSES OF CKD IN MIAMI. 1

Causes of CKD in Miami.

Student Name:

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CAUSES OF CKD IN MIAMI 2

Causes of CKD in Miami. ............................................................................................................... 3

Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 3

Prospectus.................................................................................................................................... 5

Problem statement. ...................................................................................................................... 5

Title of investigation ................................................................................................................... 6

Questions of investigation ....................................................................................................... 7

What are the causes of CKD in Miami? .................................................................................. 7

Literature Review ........................................................................................................................ 9

Annotated Bibliography ............................................................................................................ 11

Conclusion. ................................................................................................................................ 14

CAUSES OF CKD IN MIAMI 3

Causes of CKD in Miami.

Introduction.

CKD is a disease affecting human kidneys leading to lose of its normal functionality over

time (Levey and Coresh, 2012). The disease mainly affects elderly people and in some reported

cases, the young are also becoming vulnerable to the disease. The function of the kidney in the

human body is excretion of wastes; including urea, nitrogenous wastes, uric acid as well as

excess salts. A kidney affected by CKD cannot function normally as once did hence causing

health complications to the infected individual. A failed kidney cannot effectively remove the

hazardous wastes from the human blood system and therefore a critical health condition to many

millions of people affected by the CKD disease in Miami ("About Chronic Kidney Disease",

2018). The severity of affection by the CKD disease varies depending on stages of the affection.

The severity may be mild in older people and may or may not result in a consequent kidney

failure. CKD patients may develop other health problems due to the inefficient excretion process

by the CKD affected kidney. Heart disease and stroke are the most expected diseases affecting

the CKD patients even at mild and moderate stages of affection that doesn’t depict any kidney

related problems in an individual (Levey and Coresh, 2012). The latter calls for the need to

diagnose the CKD disease at the mild stage to reduce the risk of other secondary infection like

heart disease and stroke. Treatment reduces the progression of CKD disease to an advanced

stage, therefore, reducing the risk of the opportunistic diseases.

The kidney related infection has been on an increase for the past few decades. Science

and healthcare discoveries are however lagging behind to effectively counter the complicated

diseases affecting human kidney; including CKD. Many hospitals in the world and more

specifically Miami sate of the US have reported many cases of kidney complexions (Levey and

CAUSES OF CKD IN MIAMI 4

Coresh, 2012). CKD is one of the most reported diseases in the reports treatment cases.

However, other kidney diseases including Acute tubular necrosis, acute labour Nephronia,

Acetaminophen-induced Nephrotoxicity, Nephropathic Cystinosis, acute kidney failure are also

reported concurrently ("About Chronic Kidney Disease", 2018). Kidneys are very important

organs in the human body. CKD cases in Miami have increased with the increasing globally

reported infection cases Kidneys affected by CKD risks the individual's health as there is a high

likelihood of chemical imbalance in the body. Moreover, kidneys produce red blood cells hence

a kidney infection like CKD leads to reduced red blood cells in the body. Arguably, many

patients diagnosed with high blood pressure and poor bone metabolism have kidney disease

which may include CKD (Chang et al. 2016). The latter therefore justifies the need for better

diagnostic methods for CKD on early stages before the condition gets out of hand.

CKD has five major stages (Levey and Coresh, 2012). The disease starts with a kidney

damage that has no major effect on the functioning of the kidney and therefore an individual with

a kidney problem at this stage cannot notice it without a medical diagnosis. This marks the first

stage of CFD whereby the kidney marks a GFR of 90 mL/min per 1.73 m2 and above (Levey et

al. 2011). The stage is persistent for the first three months of infection. The second stage of the

CKD is persistent for three months after the first stage. This stage is characterized by a GFR of

60-89 mL/min per 1.73 m2; which is lower than that of the first stage. Arguably, the kidney has a

reduced loss of functionality and marks the first significant step of kidney damage (Levey and

Coresh, 2012). The third stage of the CKD is a mild-to-severe decline in the kidney functionality

characterized by the accumulation of salts and other impurities in the blood. At this stage, the

patient records as low as 0-59 mL/min per 1.73 m

GFR. The fourth stage marks the beginning

of advanced kidney failure with a GFR between “15-29 mL/min per 1.73 m

2”

("About Chronic

CAUSES OF CKD IN MIAMI 5

Kidney Disease", 2018). A kidney at this stage cannot perform the intended function well as the

figure shows five times decline from normal functionality rate. The last stage, the fifth stage of

CKD infection is a very severe depicting a GFR below “15 mL/min per 1.73 m

2”

(Levey et al.

2011). The rate is too low to match the rate of production of body wastes and hence the patient is

in a critical health condition. The chances of survival of an individual in this stage of kidney

infection purely depend on dialysis or a successful kidney transplant.

Prospectus

Problem statement.

Miami is one of the counties in Florida State. The county has reported quite a large

number of CKD infections cases. Statistics show that US has approximately 26 million CKD

infected adults; a number that could be even higher as many citizens are not tested for the latter

(Levey et al. 2011). With such a statistic, it calls for the need to address this serious health issue.

CKD is a silent disease, that has resulted in many deaths in the US and Miami in particular.

Research has it that more than 14% of the general US population is infected by the (Levey and

Coresh, 2012). Besides, more than 661,000 individuals in the US have reported cases of kidney

failure, resulting from CKD and other kidney diseases. Moreover, approximately, 468,000 are

currently undergoing dialysis process. According to statistics, approximately 193,000 have

undergone kidney transplants and the kidneys are working as for now (Onuigbo, 2013). CKD has

been termed as a silent killer because 0it depicts no symptoms until an advanced stage. Many

people have the disease and it's developing to its advanced stage without noticing. According to

sources, the prevalence of CKD has increased by 2%; from 12% to 14% in as from 1988 to 2004

(Levey and Coresh, 2012). The statistics reveal that CKD is on increase and the latter is

endangering a healthy lifestyle in this century. Evidently, CKD kills more people every year in

the US than either prostrate or breast cancer; a static that is shocking revelations about the

CAUSES OF CKD IN MIAMI 6

unnoticed. According to sources, 2013 alone saw the deaths of more than 47000 Americans from

kidney diseases of which CKD is one of the more prevalent (Levey et al. 2011). The CKD

condition needs to be addressed to ensure a healthy population. The best way to address the CKD

issue is by establishing the causes of the disease and investing technologically and dietetically to

the menace.

Title of investigation

The research topic is “causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Miami.

Purpose of Investigation

It’s very critical to carrying out this research work to help save more lives from the CKD.

As quoted beforehand, thousands of American lives are lost every year to the silent disease.

Further, the cases of CKD reported for this decade are increasing and therefore the latter has

raised a global concern about the kidney disease killing more people than prostrate and breast

cancer ("About Chronic Kidney Disease", 2018). The purpose of this investigation is to establish

precisely the causes of the CKD on a selected population, Miami residents. Treatment of CKD is

very expensive hence a negative economic impact that requires addressing by the government as

well as an individual level. Establishment of the cause of CKD would help scientists in further

research on the best medication for the latter. The key formula for the eradication of every

disease in the world is simply doing advanced research on the latter and consequent discovery of

the right medical solution to the disease. Besides, the research into the matter would help the

Miami population as well as the globe to avoid the causative elements of the CKD. Statistically,

the treatment of CKD is financially strenuous to the family of the infected person. According to

sources, treatment of stage 2 CKD costs not less than $1700 annually (Levey et al. 2011).

Besides, CKD level 3 annual treatment bill would be as high as $3500 per year. The amount

increases tremendously for stage four CKD patient at an annual rate of $12700. The manpower

CAUSES OF CKD IN MIAMI 7

in the CKD patients goes to waste as the individuals are under long medication periods. It’s

therefore of a critical essence to establish the cause of the CKD in Miami and avoid its long-term

impacts on families and economy as well.

Questions of investigation

The research proposal investigates specific questions about CKD in Miami. The

questions of investigation include: -

• What causes CKD in Miami?

• Who are vulnerable to CKD infection in Miami population?

What are the causes of CKD in Miami?

There are a different cause of CKD infection in humans. Notably, the causes of CKD

bring about permanent damage to the kidneys interfering with the functionality of the latter

hence causing CKD (Levey et al. 2011). The main causes of CKD are; diabetes, ageing kidneys,

high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis and diabetes. Diabetes is a disease that results in high

sugar levels in the blood. The latter have been reported among the Miami population. A diabetic

patient has a strained kidney as the organ is overworked and therefore leads to the condition

leads to damage of blood vessels in the kidney ("About Chronic Kidney Disease", 2018). A

prolonged high blood sugar level leads to reduced functionality of the kidney. The latter explains

the reason as to why young Americans in Miami have been diagnosed with CKD. Quite a

number of Miami residents have a poor diet plan and therefore diseases like high blood sugar

levels and diabetics are common. High blood pressure has also been identified as a potential

cause of CKD. Excessively high blood pressure leads to weak blood vessels in the glomerulus.

Damage to the glomerulus leads to malfunctioning of the kidneys (Levey et al. 2011). There are

other conditions that may lead to CKD. Kidney disease infections including pyelonephritis and

polycystic kidney disease. Besides, hereditary kidney disease complexions may lead to CKD.

CAUSES OF CKD IN MIAMI 8

Glomerulonephritis has also been reported to be one of the conditions that lead CKD. A blocked

artery in the glomerulus may lead to damage to the vessel and consequent CKD condition. The

latter has been reported severally by medics in Miami.

Reports indicate that the cases of blocked arteries result from a poor lifestyle. Evidently,

one should practice a healthy lifestyle by exercising regularly to make sure his or he has a good

blood flow in the body. Notably, thorough exercising makes someone to sweat; one of the

excretion processes that remove body wastes like excess water, salts among others form the body

via the skin pores (Levey et al. 2011). Sweating, therefore, helps the kidney in the excretion

function and therefore avoid straining the kidney. Investigations did mot the US population in

general, and Miami County, in particular, indicates that many people rarely do body exercises as

they are very busy in their daily work assignments. Besides, some people are very lazy especially

at an old age hence spend most of their free time in restaurants. Statistics has it that most food

prepared in restaurants is junky; which science has proved that it has impacts on individuals,

especially the elderly whose body metabolism has gone down. Additionally, processed food has

a lot of restorative chemicals which needs to be removed from the body faster. Such a condition

of excessive work on the kidneys can slowly lead to a permanent failure (Levey et al. 2011). An

individual with CKD on its early conditions and has a poor dietetic condition characterized by

excessive consumption of processed and junk food would reach the advanced CKD conditions

faster than normal. The latter is because the junk foods; with a lot of sugars accelerates the rate

of diabetic cells growth. Junk foods tremendously increase the blood sugar level in the body a

condition that gets out of control faster among the aged population on a general population

("About Chronic Kidney Disease", 2018). The Miami people lifestyles are therefore

characterized by poor dietetic schedules and poor or no general body exercise a condition that

CAUSES OF CKD IN MIAMI 9

has led increased cases of diabetic patients in the county. As captured before, diabetic condition

is one of the major causes of CKD.

Who are vulnerable to CKD infection in Miami population?

According to research, anyone is vulnerable to CKD infection, at any age. The determinant

of an individual’s CKD condition is specifically dependent on the person’s kidney condition

("About Chronic Kidney Disease", 2018). Notably, some individuals have genetic kidney

problems, which may include CKD. Medics have reported some cases of CKD in children and

young adults. Unhealthy eating habits is a common problem in the world with Miami included.

The latter can be attributed to the reported cases of CKD among children and young adults.

Medics have traced a common characteristic in the young adults diagnosed with CKD; which is

obesity, resulting from unhealthy lifestyle (Hall et al. 2015). Excessive weight gain is a menace

that cuts across every population bracket; the young, adults and elderly. Besides, excessive

weight gain has been associated with high blood pressure, also a condition leading to CKD.

Research indicates that there are three out of 10 people in the obese state in Miami. Obesity leads

to hypertension in that the individual has a high tubular reabsorption, imparting uncontrollably

high pressure on the natriuresis. The static narrows down to one of three adults, aged above 65

years diagnosing for CKD (Hall et al. 2015). As highlighted earlier, diabetics are the most

prevalent cause of CKD, therefore, any diabetic person, at any age, can be infected by CKD.

Literature Review

According to the publisher ("About Chronic Kidney Disease", 2018), the causes of

chronic disease is simply hypertension and diabetes. The author reports that over 60% of all the

reported CKD causes in the world can be directly be attributed to “diabetic condition and

hypertension” (Chang et al. 2016). High blood sugar levels reportedly cause many problems in

the body including a failure of the heart, eyes problem, and continuous failure of the nervous

CAUSES OF CKD IN MIAMI 10

system and consequently kidney failure ("About Chronic Kidney Disease", 2018). A diabetic

condition leads to a “strenuous excretion process” by the kidney ("About Chronic Kidney

Disease", 2018). A diabetic condition results from high levels of blood sugar.The context About

Chronic Kidney Disease has it that there are two types of diabetics; " type 1 and type 2 (2018).

The diabetic condition results from a body disorder whereby the immune system destroys the

beta cells that are responsible for the production of insulin-producing of the pancreas. Type 1

diabetes is caused primarily by the immune system attack on the beta cells of the pancreas. On

the other hand, type two diabetics are caused by health-related conditions like a poor eating

habit. Besides, the type diabetes is also associated with genetic inheritance. Levey and Coresh

acknowledge that both types of diabetes can cause CKD (2012). Levey and Coresh further

elaborate that excessive body weight would lead to “insulin resistance” and diabetes hence

leading to CKD. Chang et al. define that obese individuals have a “high demand for insulin”

(2016). The high demand for the hormone leads to an overwork hence after a prolonged obesity

condition, the pancreas can no longer meet the demand for insulin leading to “increased blood

sugar level” (Hall et al, 2015). Research has it that some races are more genetically prone to

CKD than others. African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanics, Pacific Islanders, Alaska

Natives, Asian Americans, and American Indians are races with a genetic tendency to become

diabetic. About Chronic Kidney Disease associates obesity to diabetes which consequently

results in CKD (2018). CKD can, therefore, be linked to some races on basis of “genetic

inheritance” (Hall et al. 2015). The authors, therefore, are in agreement with the medics’

allegation that the causes of CKD in Miami are hypertension and diabetes.

Onuigbo (2013) has descending research on some aspects concerning CKD. For instance,

the statistics about the number of CKD in the US. The author estimates that around 30 million

CAUSES OF CKD IN MIAMI 11

Americans have been diagnosed with CKD as of 2008. Contrary to this, ("About Chronic Kidney

Disease", 2018) records that an estimated 26 million Americans have been living with CKD

according to report published by the author. Onuigbo offers an opposing statistic on the number

of the reported CKD patients. Besides, Levey and Coresh argue that most of the CKD cases

reported among patients can be directly attributed to genetic inheritance with the “poor health

habits” overshadowed (2012). The author further enlists the ethnic groups vulnerable to CKD

including Arica Americans, Hispanics, and Indian Americans among other minor races in the

US. Levey et al. works contradict the findings the About Chronic Kidney Disease findings that

anyone and everyone has an equal probability of getting infected by CKD “under presumed

similar conditions” ("About Chronic Kidney Disease", 2018). Levey et al, therefore, indicate

there is a possible myth or untrue finding of who is likely to be affected by CK. Moreover, Hall

et al. indicates that CDK infection is random in a “uniformly distributed population” and not,

therefore, a factor to racial definitions (2015). The later makes the distinct definitions for the

vulnerable population group hard to define as both writer offer contradicting findings. Causes of

CKD in Miami, therefore, can be attributed to no specific sources. Unimonously, the causes of

CKD in Miami are poor health habits leading to obesity, hypertension and diabetes (Hall et al.

2015). Additionally, there is scientific proof that genetics plays a vital role in CKD inheritance.

Besides, the facts brought forth by authors like Hall et al. cannot ignore in the establishment of

the facts about causes of CKD in Miami. Evidently, all the authors have a sense of truth about

causes of CKD there’re all of them should be considered in this research proposal.

Annotated Bibliography

About Chronic Kidney Disease. (2018). the National Kidney Foundation. Retrieved 15 April

2018, from https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/about-chronic-kidney-disease

CAUSES OF CKD IN MIAMI 12

The context gives a detailed account of what CKD is, the causes and facts about the

disease. Besides, the publisher defines more about the symptoms and in a scientific

manner defines the glomerular filtrate rate. The article is very useful in the research about

the causes of CKD in Miami. The context illustrates, in a detailed description how the

kidney failure results from CKD. The article supports the research with facts about the

most likely causes of CKD in Miami and in a general perspective. The context is

therefore very critical in the proposed research as it illustrates crucial statistic data about

causes of CKD in Miami.

Hall, J. E., do Carmo, J. M., da Silva, A. A., Wang, Z., & Hall, M. E. (2015). Obesity-induced

hypertension: interaction of neurohumoral and renal mechanisms. Circulation research,

116(6), 991-1006.

The article explains obesity and its possibility to cause CKD. The articles give a detailed

account of the biology behind neurohumoral and renal mechanisms in the human kidney.

The context explains the risks of excessive weight gain in relation to the likelihood of

developing CKD. The author argues that excess body weight may lead to hypertension

and it accounts for 65% to 75% of high blood pressure cases. The article is an important

source of information for the research proposal as it highlights a number of CKD causes

which could be related to Miami population.

Levey, A. S., & Coresh, J. (2012). Chronic kidney disease. The Lancet, 379(9811), 165-180.

The context by Levey and Coresh addresses CKD in different dimensions including the

causes, methods of detection, prevalence, GFR scale for detecting CKD, dialysis and

transplantation of a kidney. The author authoritatively addresses CKD on a broad scale

CAUSES OF CKD IN MIAMI 13

which gives quantifiable information on the CKD and its effects on the patients. The

source is crucial in this research as it clearly defines different causes of CKD which can

be presumed to be the causes of CKD in Miami because the authors’ claims are backed

by scientific concepts.

Chang, Y., Ryu, S., Choi, Y., Zhang, Y., Cho, J., Kwon, M. J., ... & Yun, K. E. (2016).

Metabolically healthy obesity and development of chronic kidney disease: a cohort study.

Annals of internal medicine, 164(5), 305-312

The author is investigative about the biology behind the body BMI and its relationship to

the development of CKD condition of a healthy person. The context, unlike the others,

explores the likelihood of a healthy obese person to develop CKD as the latter is

categorically unexplored. The relevance of this source in this research proposal is that the

latter uses a verifiable scientific research method to establish a valid fact on the

probability that an obese and metabolically healthy person would develop CKD. The

article is very important in this context as it queries the possibility of an obese and

metabolically healthy personnel developing a CKD condition.

Onuigbo, M. A. (2013). The CKD enigma with misleading statistics and myths about CKD, and

conflicting ESRD and death rates in the literature: results of a 2008 US population-based

cross-sectional CKD outcomes analysis. Renal failure, 35(3), 338-343.

The article highlights the facts about CKD in the US, including statistics like the number

of infections and death rates. The context analysis the importance of screening patients

with no CKD signs to establish their CKD status. The article is a critique of the feasibility

of screening healthy people on CKD. The article is very relevant to this research as it

CAUSES OF CKD IN MIAMI 14

compares CKD staging paradigm to the normal screening of patients for CKD. Besides,

the context elaborates heterogeneity of CKD patients in a given population depicting the

opposing idea that CKD cases are predominantly genetically associative.

Levey, A. S., De Jong, P. E., Coresh, J., Nahas, M. E., Astor, B. C., Matsushita, K., ... &

Eckardt, K. U. (2011). The definition, classification, and prognosis of chronic kidney

disease: a KDIGO Controversies Conference report. Kidney international, 80(1), 17-28.

The context by Levey et al. illustrates scientific measures to determine CKD in the

human body. The article gives a correlative measure of glomerular filtrate rates for

individuals with kidney performance. The GFR is therefore used to rank the CKD patient

on stages. The article is very relevant to the research topic; it gives an alternative to

determination of CKD condition of an individual on an albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

Conclusion.

Conclusively, the causes of CKD diabetes, hypertension resulting from obesity and

genetic inheritance. Besides, some lineages have the CKD condition which is a genetic problem.

Researchers relate poor eating habits to obesity, a phenomenon that contributes significantly to

CKD. High blood pressure and diabetes are reportedly the main causes of CKD with genetic

inheritance contributing a small percentage of the reported CKD cases. CKD infection cuts

across all population brackets; the young and the aged. The main causes of CKD among the

young individuals is inadequate body activity alongside poor dietetics leading obese condition.

On the other hand, CKD develops slowly in the aged people depending on their BMI and health

status of the individual. Miami is one of the counties in the US with many cases of CKD reported

from diagnostic tests. Additionally, there are notably a large number of people suffering from

CKD in the US, with Miami contributing to the national tally. Arguably, most of the causes of

CAUSES OF CKD IN MIAMI 15

CKD in a general population as diagnosed by medics are also the cause of CKD in Miami.

However, more research needs are carried out to establish the most probable statistic on the

number of individuals affected by CKD in Miami and US as a country. Besides, a further

research would reveal any other likely causes of CKD in Miami and help in treating the same.

CAUSES OF CKD IN MIAMI 16

References

About Chronic Kidney Disease. (2018). The National Kidney Foundation. Retrieved 15 April

2018, from https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/about-chronic-kidney-disease

Hall, J. E., do Carmo, J. M., da Silva, A. A., Wang, Z., & Hall, M. E. (2015). Obesity-induced

hypertension: interaction of neurohumoral and renal mechanisms. Circulation

research, 116(6), 991-1006.

Levey, A. S., & Coresh, J. (2012). Chronic kidney disease. The lancet, 379(9811), 165-180.

Onuigbo, M. A. (2013). The CKD enigma with misleading statistics and myths about CKD, and

conflicting ESRD and death rates in the literature: results of a 2008 US population-based

cross-sectional CKD outcomes analysis. Renal failure, 35(3), 338-343.

Levey, A. S., De Jong, P. E., Coresh, J., Nahas, M. E., Astor, B. C., Matsushita, K., ... &

Eckardt, K. U. (2011). The definition, classification, and prognosis of chronic kidney

disease: a KDIGO Controversies Conference report. Kidney international, 80(1), 17-28.

Chang, Y., Ryu, S., Choi, Y., Zhang, Y., Cho, J., Kwon, M. J., ... & Yun, K. E. (2016).

Metabolically healthy obesity and development of chronic kidney disease: a cohort

study. Annals of internal medicine, 164(5), 305-312.

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