with newer antibiotics in the treatment of emerging resistant pathogens, which is considered as the
primary contributor to antibiotic resistance (Aslam et al. 2018).
Antimicrobial resistance is considered as a global threat to world health, including human,
animal and the environment generally due to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. Some of the
causes for AMR is the excessive use of antibiotics in animals consumed by humans, over-the-
counter drugs which are not quality-assured, international travels which ensure interaction between
people of different nationalities and poor hygiene or sanitation. In the current years, it has been
discovered that the consumption of livestock containing antimicrobials has suggested the hotspots
for antibiotic use across continents and this will have severe impacts both economically and in the
public health (Aslam et al. 2018).
The effectiveness of an antibiotic agent used in treatment is either undermined by resistance
or tolerance which is developed from the first use of the agent such as in antibiotics used in the
treatment of viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal infections. There are several biochemical and
physiological mechanisms which can enhance the resistance on antibiotics used in the treatment
of diseases. Various health agencies and institutions globally have recognized the global health
implications looming as a result of the antimicrobial resistance, and therefore multiple types of
research have been initiated to provide suitable recommendations and resolutions, but little
progress has been reported on the same (Aslam et al. 2018).
Antimicrobial resistance was discovered for the first time in the 20
th
century in the 1950s
and 1960s in bacteria Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Shigella. As a result, economic losses and
losses of life were reported to form the resistance of these infections, mostly in the developing
world. Over time the resistance to antibiotics accelerated even in the developed countries due to
the free accessibility of antibiotics and other reasons as mentioned above (Aslam et al. 2018).
