Compare And Contrast Paper On Hans Selye 39 S And Kari Martinsen 39 S Theories

Running head: HANS SELYE AND KARI MARTINSEN THEORIES 1

Compare and Contrast Paper on Hans Selye's and Kari Martinsen's Theories

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HANS SELYE AND KARI MARTINSEN THEORIES 2

Compare and Contrast Paper on Hans Selye's and Kari Martinsen's Theories

Introduction

One of the most effective ways nursing can increaseits relevancy and advancement is by

envisioning new ways ofperceiving variousphenomenon that is peculiar to nursing. The

profession also needsto propose relevant and meaningful explanations to these perceptions. Some

of these explanationsare given through nursing theorydevelopment (Jackson, 2014). Hans

Selye's and Kari Martinsen's theories are practical examples of theories that have influenced the

profession. As one of the most important experts in thetheory of care and clinical nursing, Kari

Martinsen’s approach is considered to have played anessential role in developing the present

Scandinavian theory and nursing practice. In spite being a theorist, Kari believes her methods to

be full-fledged philosophies. Her theory is driven by the principle that giving care should be a

universal sentiment to both nurses and other medical practitioners (Delmar, n.d). Her

theoryfurther cites that as doctors continue their work of curing, nurses should be caring. On the

other hand, Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome is a theory that was established to deal

with stress. Primarily, thisapproachwasdeveloped from his endocrinological experiment. In this

experiment, he injected mice with extracts of different organs(Selye, 1976). The results of the

experiment indicated that the biological response to various nocuous agents such as surgical

injuries, cold and excessive exercise among others gave a stereotypical triphasic pattern

regardless of the injury.

Description of Theories

The theoretical framework on nursing care developed by Kari Martinsen does not only

have relevance withinthe nursing profession but also in clinical medicine. Essentially, this claim

can be substantiated by analyzing some of the important aspects demonstrated by the

HANS SELYE AND KARI MARTINSEN THEORIES 3

approach.For instance, the theorist considers givingthe care to be particularistic, emotionally

laden and more importantly to be contextual (Delmar, n.d). According to her, care is to interact

spontaneously and unconditionally as aresponse to a substantial situation of others.

As a middle range theory, HansSelve’s theoryexpresses that events that threaten thewell-

being of an organism cause a 3-stage bodily response including Alarm stage, resistance, and

exhaustion. By profoundly examining discussing how each one of these stages does to the human

body, Hans made significant influence to the study of stress (Selye, 1976). With a clear

understanding of the conceptual level of Hans Selye’s theory, individuals can be able to cope and

appraise withstress to reach adaptation level.

In a nutshell, the basic idea presented by Kari Martinsen’s theory is about care. Care is

imperative to nursing practices. In nursing, care involves showing concern and love to patients,

friends and family members. As presented by Kari, careshould becoupled with professional,

concrete and moral discernment.

In the same token, Selye’s theory can be summarizing the basic idea presented in his

theory. The idea Selye is trying to present through his theoryis the idea of stress. Stress being

among the common denominator on almost all adaptive reactions in the human body, the theorist

is trying to present a stress –response pattern that can be used to control stress in human beings.

Analysis of each Theory

Philosophy of Care

The nursing metaparadigm refers to theoretical framework describes the interconnected

nature of person, environment, health, and nursing. These are essential components that are

present in almost all nursing theories (Alligood and Ann, 2013). As a nursing theory, philosophy

of care comprises of these concepts. Primarily, the philosophical theory emerged when the

HANS SELYE AND KARI MARTINSEN THEORIES 4

author critically analyses the nursing practice, rejecting the implementation of the features and

scientific bases of nursing without citing any criticism. The author analyzes the discipline from a

philosophical and social perspective. Philosophy of care theory scrutinizes the metaparadigm of

nursing concepts from a socio-historical point of view whereby a person cannot be eliminated

from the social environment and the society in which they live. In this theory, it is clear that the

four metaparadigm concepts are related(Alligood and Ann, 2013). For instance, the argument

portrays that patients cannot be alienated from the environment in which they live. The theory

states that nurses have a primary duty to safeguard the health of patients. In other words, Kari

Martinsen argues that caring is a crucial thing in nursing.

A theory may not be considered efficient if it is not supported by research. When

developing the approachto thephilosophy of care, the author conducted intense research. For

instance, the author has borrowed numerous philosophical concepts fromdifferenttheorists.For

example, Karl Marx provides Kari Martinsen with critical tools to analyze the reality of nursing

practice.

Kari Martinsen's theory is anancient theory, but still relevant in the modern clinical

nursing. In the current days, nurses act under the philosophy of care which is explained by Kari

Martinsen. It is possible for nurses to practice nursing without caring. This theory emphasizes

that in nursing, caring is altogether practical, relational and moral. Therefore, the principles of

Kari Martinsen's are still applicable in nursing.

General Adaptation Syndrome

As a middle range theory, it is apparent that Hans Selye’s theory does not contain

metaparadigm nursing concepts (Selye, 1976). However, it is possible to derive the author’s

point of view. The author’s primary focus is to explain how the body’s physiological reaction to

HANS SELYE AND KARI MARTINSEN THEORIES 5

stress. In his viewpoint, he argues that stress response is divided into three distinct stages

including exhaustion, alarm, and resistance. He proves his point by conducting intense research.

For instance, the theorist conducted studies with rates which led him to therecognition of stress

adaptation syndrome.

Many people believe that theories that nursing theories that were developed a few

decades ago are obsolete and irrelevant to modern nursing. However, some of these approaches

continue to demonstrate a lot of relevance in the contemporary clinical nursing. For instance,

GAS has been a useful model applied widely by physicians to realize the physiologic process

involved in acute and stress disorders ( Szabo , Tache & Somogyi 2012). Moreover, this theory

acts a valuable paradigm by which medical practitioners use to understand the significant

progression and expression of chronic physical illness. There are numerous instances in which

GAS theory is applied in clinical nursing. First, the theoryis widely applied in thedietary

treatment of renal and cardiovascular disorders (Selye, 1976). Additionally, the principles in this

argumentare used in corticoid and corticotrophin therapy. Hans Selye's is commonly applied in

non-specific treatment.

Hans Selye’s theory of general adaptation syndrome generates a room for future research.

So far , there is no dount that the model formulated by Selyes can be able to help nurses to

identify stressors, however , more research is required to identify a standard way of

interpreting stress (Papathanasiou, Tsaras, & Roupa, 2015). As per current model , stress is

interpreted using different approaches. Precisely, it is either interpreted as a stimulus , a

transaction or as a response . Ultimatelly , this will help nurses and other caretakers to

effectively diagnose a patients and recommend the a good form of treatment .

Comparison/Contrast of Theories

HANS SELYE AND KARI MARTINSEN THEORIES 6

The two theories are some of the oldest and perhaps the most widely used approaches.

Other than beingdeveloped bydifferent theorists, different regions and periods,the twoapproaches

haveproved tobe different. While Kari Martinsen's is a nursing theory, Hans Selye's is a middle

range theory.

While these two theories may appear to be significantly different particularly when it

comes to their primary ideas, they have proved to have endless similarities. One of the most

notable similarities presented by the two theories is about their applicability and relevance to the

current nursing practices (Alligood &Ann,2013). For instance, for the last few years, physicians

have widely used Hans Selye’s theory tounderstand andtreat the physiological processes that are

associated with stressdisorders.In addition,the argument has widely been used to understand and

to treatsome chronic conditions that are associatedwith stress. Kari Martinsen’s theory has also

been commonly used in almost every nursing practice. In other words,this theorycan arguably be

consideredthe coreof nursing practices. Nursingis solelycaring, which the core is idea presented

in Kari Martinsen’s theory. To be successful in nursing, compassion or care is relatively critical.

Both theories embrace a patient-centered approach.upon encountering stressors,the

humanbody is designed insuch a way that it will try to a fight the aggressor. As presented by

Hans Selye’s theory, this ability may vary depending on the patient. This understanding has

helped doctors and other medical practitioners give patients individual attention during treatment

(Selye, 1976). The idea presented by Kari Martinsen’s philosophy of care is also patient-

centered because it views every patient to be unique. As dictated by the principles of this law,

every patient needs specialcare and love regardless of how similar their situation or conditions

mayappear.

Conclusion

HANS SELYE AND KARI MARTINSEN THEORIES 7

To sum up the discussion, nursing as aprofession has significantly grown as far asthe

nursingtheories areconcerned. With the help of some of these nursing theories, the profession can

be able to define and develop its research and activities. For instance, through Hans Selye

theories, knowledge on stress has been substantiated. through Kari Martinsen's theories, it is

considerably easy to establish patients’ care in medical institutions. Therefore, it would be

plausible to conclude that some of these theoretical and conceptual nursing models have

significantly improved nursing practices.

HANS SELYE AND KARI MARTINSEN THEORIES 8

References

Alligood, M. R. &Ann M. T. ( 2013) Nursing theorists, and their work. Louis, United States.

Delmar, C. (n.d). Becoming Whole: Kari Martinsen’s philosophy of care – selected concepts and

the impact on clinical nursing.International Journal for Human Caring,17: 20-29.

Jackson M. (2014). Evaluating the role of Hans Selye in the modern history of stress. in the

Twentieth Century. University of Rochester Press, Retrieved from:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK349158/

Papathanasiou, I. V., Tsaras, K., & Roupa, A. (2015). Stress: Concepts, theoretical models and

nursing. American Journal of Nursing Science , 4 (2), 45-50.

Selye H. (1976).The stress of life. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Selye H. (1976).Stress in health and disease. Reading, MA: Butterworth.

Szabo S., Tache Y. &Somogyi A. (2012). The legacy of Hans Selye and the origins of stress

research: a retrospective 75 years after his landmark brief "letter" to the editor# of nature.

Stress. 15(5):472-478

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