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Human anatomy

Task 2a).Working of the circulatory system and the respiratory system to maintain health

The circulatory system as well as the respiratory system has vital roles in ensuring the

reception of the crucial oxygen in the body as well as removal of the unwanted carbon dioxide

from the body. On its side, the respiratory system is tasked with intake of air rich in oxygen into

the body while at the same removing carbon dioxide from the tissues. On the other side,

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circulatory system involves the amalgamations of several organs that aids in transportation of

blood rich in blood cells, hormones and oxygen thus enabling the body to stabilize temperature

and the PH. Additionally, it enables the body fight against the diseases.

During blood circulation, oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle via the aortic

semilunar valve and enters the circulatory system, after which it goes to the body organs where

oxygen is required for instance, the skin, brain, kidney etc. After utilization of oxygen by these

organs, carbon dioxide is given in exchange to the blood after which the deoxygenated blood is

transmitted back to the heart through the veins via right atrium into the right ventricle.

Pulmonary vein then takes the deoxygenated blood into the lungs for oxygen enrichment. On the

other side, pulmonary artery takes back the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the heart for

transmission to other parts of the body.

Task 5a. Role of the enzymes

A catalyst is contributor in a chemical reaction speeding up the reaction while it is not

being consumed during the process. Enzymes are the biological catalysts mediating substrate

conversion into the final product, through lowering the activation energy of the reaction;

enzymes are neither modified nor consumed during the process but are recycled for further

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catalytic processes. The activation energy is the energy essential for the progress of a chemical

reaction in order to obtain the desired product. Thus by lowering the activation energy with the

help of enzymes, the rate of chemical reaction is increased further. After creation of a product,

activation energy stops being created as the chemical reaction that was utilizing the energy has

ended. Furthermore, conditions behind the creation of the energy are no longer desirable

Task 5b. Activity of the enzymes at different conditions

Enzymes operate at optimum conditions, and when subjected to varying conditions, its

functionality also differs as shown in the curves above. For example, when the temperature

increases the enzyme activity increases as a result of an increase in energy collision. On

contrary, low temperatures lowers the rate of reaction. Additionally, when temperatures are too

low, enzyme molecules are consolidated. A high temperature denatures enzymes thus lowering

the rate of reaction. Besides, changes in the pH levels change the shape of the enzymes. For

instance, High or low pH levels alters the enzyme’s shape to 3-D shape thus possibly reducing

the enzyme activation. On the other side, optimum pH levels positively affect the shape of the

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enzymes thus increasing the collision with the substrates which in turn increases the rate of

reaction. Moreover, increase in substrate concentration increases their collision with the

enzymes molecules thus leading to the formation of more products. Contrarily, decrease in

substrate concentration reduces the rate of collision with enzymes molecules thus forming fewer

products.

Respiratory system

Respiratory system is a combination of tissues and organs running from the mouth and nose

down to the lungs. This system allows the exchange of gases to take place in our bodies. The

oxygen we breathe in is absorbed into the bloodstream and transported around the body to other

tissues in order to keep our cells alive through burning of foods in order to release energy. In

exchange, unwanted carbon dioxide produced by cells as waste product is absorbed back by the

blood and taken to lungs from which it is removed from the body though exhaling. Through the

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process of breathing, the respiratory tract helps in maintaining the required amount of carbon

dioxide and oxygen in our bloodstream.

The digestive system

Digestive system comprises of several organs spanning from the mouth to the anus tasked

with the role of ingestion of food and converting it to energy and other essential nutrients.

Digestive system breaks down large food particles both mechanically as in the case with the

mouth by the help of teeth and both by the use of enzymes. After digestion, the foods are used

by the body for energy production, cell growth and repair. The digestive system supplies all

body tissues with the vital energy, vitamins and starch so as to sustain us alive.

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The nervous system is made up of peripheral nervous system and central nervous system.

The nervous system comprises a network of nerves and cells in the whole body. Their sole

purpose is transmission of messages from the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body.

Through communication of nervous organs, they system is able to control the action of other

body parts thus keeping us healthy and responsive to external factors.

Task 2b. Health disorders

Respiratory system- lung cancer

Lung cancer is a disorder that involves abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells in the

lungs invading neighboring tissues thus causing tumors. Lung cancer has a potential of starting

Superior vena

cava

Descending

aorta

Nerves

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in any part of the lungs and latter spreading to the entire respiratory system thus hindering with

its normal functionality. Common signs and symptoms of the disease include; wheezing,

coughing, chest pains and presents of blood in the mucus that one cough up. Lungs are the major

part of the respiratory system carrying out the removal of carbon dioxide and replenishment of

oxygen into the blood. Once it fails, the earlier mentioned function of the lungs does not occur in

the body and thus tissues may die due to lack of oxygen.

Lung cancer can be treated through chemotherapy radiation, surgery or the combination

of both therapies. The disorder can be treated when found early enough before it spread outside

the lungs. Besides, the disorder caused by smoking can be prevented by stopping the habit. The

psychology also plays an important role in their success.

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Urinary system

The urinary system involves the combination of the ureters, kidneys, bladders and the

urethra. Each unit of the kidney is comprised of large number of important units called nephrons.

Urinary plays a vital role in managing volume of blood as well as the circulatory strain.

Additionally, it controls the metabolic and electrolytic reactions in the body. Moreover, it

maintains the blood pH at the required levels. The urinary system helps in maintaining our health

with the help of the kidney. Through blood filtration by the kidney, squanders are removed

through the ureter to the urinary bladder where it is removed as a through the urethra as urine.

The urinary system and the kidney help the body in elimination of liquid waste called urea, and

also in keeping chemicals such as sodium and potassium as well as water balance in the body.

Kidney

Abdominal

Aorta

Ureter

Urethra

Inferior Vena

Cava

Urinary

Bladder

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Furthermore, the urinary system keeps us healthy through regulation of the blood pressure and

erythropoietin production which controls the blood cell in bone marrow.

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