Critical review final

Surname 1
Name
Course
Institution
Date
Research Review
Introduction
Michelle Drouin and Elizabeth Tobin from Indiana University conducted unwanted but
consensual sexting research among the youth in the year 2013. The study was carried out to
determine unwanted, but consensual sexual activity exists among the college students, women
and men. In this study, the researchers targeted undergraduate students from Midwestern
University. The average age of the participants was 22 years old were 97% of them stated that
they were in a heterosexual relationship. From their research, Michelle and Elizabeth concluded
that many youths had exchanged sexual text messages to their committed partners when they are
not willing. Regarding gender, the two found that men were equally likely to give in to sexting,
just like women. Their findings seem to differ from previous research in which women were
considered to be more exposed to unwanted but consensual sex than men. The two researchers
concluded that the differences between the CMC and one on one surroundings might be
influential to the relationships between gender, attachment, and giving unwanted sexual activity.
Summary
Previous research shows that women are more exposed to unwanted but consensual sex
than men. AS the time went by, Mitchell and Elizabeth came up with a hypothesis and decided to
carry out research to challenge the findings of the previous research. The two believed that the
broad spread of sexual activities that people consent even if they do not want to are brought
Surname 2
about by communication through the social media, commonly known as Computer Mediated
Communication (CMC). Computer-Mediated Communication involves texting and social
networking. According to the two researchers, computer Communication is the primary channel
for sexual interactions in the form of sexually explicit words, videos, audios and even pictures.
The term ‘sexting,’ has firmly gained the attention of communication. Sexting is the art
of exchanging messages, videos, pictures or even audio through social media. The goals of the
study were to examine the spread of the unwanted but consensual sexting as well as motivations
for and attachment structures associated with this moral. Since Mitchell and Elizabeth wanted to
challenge the previous findings, their research focused on the youth at the age of 22 years at one
of the Universities in Us. Sexual wanting polarizes sexual act into two varieties; wanted
consensual sexual act and unwanted, consensual sexual act, according to Peterson and
Muehlenhard (2007). Elizabeth and Mitchell’s model confounds the following two concepts;
wantedness and consent. According to the research, engaging in an unwanted sexual activity is
very common among the youth, especially the college students.
Following the gender differences regarding morals, some studies have shown that more
women than men engage in unwanted but consensual sexual act. Research shows that 55% of the
American women have consented to unwanted sex, this according to Sprecher et al.’s (1994).
Some of the reasons that make women engage in this sexual activity are; sexual passivity,
relationship maintenance, perceptions that men’s sexual desires are uncontrollable, thus making
refusal futile. The two researchers found that male is just as likely to engage in unwanted sexual
activities like women. According to Muehlenhard and Cook’s (1998), men experience pressure
to give in to sex.
Surname 3
Researchers argue that adult attachment is composed of two dimensions; attachment
anxiety and attachment avoidance (Brennan et. Al., 1998). In a romantic relationship, people
who are in high in attachment anxiety have a great desire to be linked to their loved ones and
have a fear that their partners might leave them. Those people high in avoidant attachment do not
depend on anyone and have a fear of becoming too intimate with even their close partners
(Hazan & Shaver, 1987).
In their research, Elizabeth and Mitchell aimed at determining the extent unwanted but
consensual sexting existed within the context of the young adult relationships and if the rate of
this moral changes by gender. The two researchers chose 155 undergraduate students from
Midwestern University in Us and used them to carry out their research. All their participants
were 21.64 years old, and the large number was Caucasian. Some were married, but single ones
indicated they were in heterosexual relationships. All the members were subjected to complete
consent forms and then given access to an online survey.
Critical evaluation
Computer Mediated Communication is the most popular means of interpersonal
communication in today’s world. The technology has equated the whole world to a global
village. However, this form of communication has created a platform for negative sexual
interactions. Social networking allows people to share sexually explicit words, videos, pictures,
audios and even exchanging quick emails online. The most commonly used term is ‘sexting’.
Sexting has been on the forefront of media reports talking about legal issues or even cases
involving young people who have exchanged sexually explicit images (Pike, 2010; Pilkington,
2009; Valezuela, 2013)
Surname 4
Looking at the gender differences regarding morals, some studies have shown that more
women than men engage in unwanted but consensual sexual act. Research shows that 55% of the
American women have consented to unwanted sex, this according to Sprecher et al.’s (1994).
Some of the reasons that make women engage in this sexual activity are; sexual passivity,
relationship maintenance, perceptions that men’s sexual desires are uncontrollable, thus making
refusal futile. The two researchers found that males are just as likely to engage in unwanted
sexual activities like women. According to Muehlenhard and Cook’s (1998), men experience
pressure to give in to sex.
Researchers argue that adult attachment is composed of two dimensions; attachment
anxiety and attachment avoidance (Brennan et. Al., 1998). In a romantic relationship, people
who are in high in attachment anxiety have a great desire to be linked to their loved ones and
have the fear that their partners might leave them. Those people high in avoidant attachment do
not depend on anyone and have a fear of becoming too intimate with even their close partners
(Hazan & Shaver, 1987).
According to Elizabeth and Mitchell, their first research question concerned the extent to
which young people were engaging in unwanted but consensual sex chatting. The second
research question was to determine whether the attachment and motivation parameters linked
with the unwanted sex in one on one setting would also be related to unwanted but consensual
sex in an unclear environment. Having accomplished their first two questions, Elizabeth and
Mitchell went to the next step and decided to test their mediation model. Hypothetically, the two
researchers had predicted that unwanted but consensual sexting would be significant for women
because they the rate in which they engage in unwanted sexual activity seems to be correlated to
attachment variables and that is what they found in their co relational analyses.
Surname 5
According to the two researchers, sexual activities among young adults has increased so
that sexual activities are occurring not only in face-to-face context but also through short media
messages and online networking such as face book and tweeter. The research was aiming at
determining whether attachments and motivations for intercourse were related the rate of this
behavior within serious relationships.
It was found that giving up to the unwanted sexting was common among their research
samples. Almost one-half of their participants had involved him/herself in unwanted, but
consensual sexting with a serious partner and their hypothesis was supported. Regarding gender
differences, their hypothesis was partially supported because there were no significant
differences in the behavior of consenting to unwanted sexting between men and women. The two
researchers concluded that women are driven to unwanted sexting because of the following;
relationship maintenance or because of their relative sexual passivity.
Conclusion
This study talks briefly about the mayhem of unwanted but consensual sexting and builds
up the work on attachment and morality. It was observed that many youths had exchanged sexual
text messages through the media network to their intimate partners when they are not willing.
Men were found to equally consent to unwanted consensual sexting like women, but their
findings differ from the previous researches conducted. The differences between CMC and one-
on-one surroundings might be having a significant effect on the relationships between gender,
attachment and consenting to unwanted sexual activities. I fully support the research work of
Elizabeth and Mitchell because sexting is all over the world amongst our youth and even young
married couples.
Surname 6
References
Drouin, Michelle, and Elizabeth Tobin. "Unwanted but consensual sexting among young adults:
Relations with attachment and sexual motivations." Computers in Human Behavior
(2014): 412-418. Print.

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