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Running head: DISCUSSION OF RESULTS (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING) 1

Discussion of Results (Mechanical Engineering)

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DISCUSSION OF RESULTS (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING) 2

Discussion of Results (Mechanical Engineering)

Introduction

Measurements in fluid flow have important applications such as the measurement of

blood flow-rates in the artery of human beings. The instruments are affected by variables such as

the cost of the instrument. The output of such instruments depends on the accuracy of the

temperature and pressure obtained when measuring the flow-rates. The flow metering principle

that is largely used involves the placement of a fixed area flow restriction in a duct with a fluid.

The restriction is meant to cause a pressure drop which varies with the flow-rate. A suitable

differential-pressure pick up enables the measurement of flow-rates after pressure drops are

measured. The devices used in obtaining the measurements have their own advantages and

disadvantages.

In the venture-meter, the fluid is sped up through a converging cone at an angle ranging

between 15 and 20 degrees (Crowe, Elgar, Williams, & Roberson, 2009). The difference in

pressure between the side on the upstream in the cone and the throat is measured to give the

flow-rate. The fluid tends to slow down when it reaches a cone with an angle between 5 and 7

degrees. This section is where a lot of kinetic energy becomes pressure energy. There is no vena

contra in the section because of the cone and the slowed reduction. The throat experiences a

minimum flow area.

For the rotameter, the flow-rates are measured by sensing the position occupied by the

weight element located in the tapered tube. The equilibrium position occupied by the weight is in

line with the rate of flow. The rotor tries to find a neutral position where the drug and weight

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING) 3

balance out since the velocity is lower at the top compared to the bottom. There is greater flow

section in this area. The rate of flow affects the riding of the rotor in either high or lower sections

of the tube. The weight is designed to make it spins; it remains at the central section of the tube.

The calibrated scale gives the flow-rate. The rotameter is used based on its advantages based on

the ease of use and the reduced cost. The pitot tube is used based on its principle of stagnation. It

is more versatile compared to the stagnation tube. It has a pressure tap on the upstream section at

the end of the tube. It is used for sensing the pressure due to stagnation.

Discussion of Lab 2 Results

The results have been obtained for the rotameter, cubic, venture, nuzzle and pitot tube.

The flow-rates for the different systems differ greatly.

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING) 4

The results from the rotameter have greater variations for the flow-rates. This shows that

the level of accuracy of the instrument is not as good as that of the cubic, venture, pitot tube and

nuzzle. The nuzzle produces the most linear variation of the flow-rates compared to the other

devices.

Lab Results 3 Discussion

The variation between the flow-rate and the Reynold number vary to form a smooth slope.

However, the variation is not perfect.

Lab Results for FM OCT LAB 7 DATA

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING) 5

From the graph drawn, the indication is that flow-rate in the slope is the highest while that in the

hemisphere is the lowest. As force increases, the flow-rate also increases. The variation of force

and flow-rate takes place in direct proportionality. The flow-rate and force in the cone vary

perfectly with one another. The gradient obtained from the variation is lower compared to that

obtained for the others.

The debates that engineers engage in are oriented towards anthropology and the social

spectrum of the society in which the proposed projects are supposed to be set up. A good

example of cultural relativism is the fact that at Lihir, the handful presence of women training to

operate machinery and learn some skills indicates that the community around the area has

adopted gender stereotype as a norm on which to thrive in engineering practice. Such a norm is

against what social justice is all about because it leads to the seclusion of women from certain

kinds of jobs because they have been labeled as solely for men. Another example is that the

Aboriginal people in Kimberley region have been able to take time to resolve and accommodate

the kind of knowledge each has based on systems of the world and its views in order to strike a

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING) 6

working relationship. In conclusion, cultural relativism has to do with individuals being able to

accommodate each other’s cultural view points and resolving the differences that arise in

harmony.

Engineering is all about finding solutions to a particular problem in the society. On its

part, engineering ethics involves a set of principles of morality that hold up the kind of behavior

that needs to be held by engineers. Ethics can be disintegrated into three major areas. These areas

are meta-ethics which explains the origin of ethical standards, normative ethics which is

concerned with which actions are right and which ones are wrong, and applied ethics whose

focus is specific issues in the society.

One thing worth learning from the text (Catalano, 2014) is the Utilitarian theory which is

basically all about the consequences of an action. The theory aims at benefitting the largest

number of people. The other theory is the deontological theory which is based on duty. All of

these are found under normative ethics.

The theories have helped me in changing how I view engineering altogether. It is not all

about finding solutions which are consequences but taking steps which are good in themselves as

per the normative barrier. Consequences, duty and virtues help in balancing the kind of actions

am poised to take in finding engineering solutions.

Codes of conduct in the engineering profession are based on the ethical principles

discussed in the theories. They are meant to help an engineer be able to take steps in a normative

course.

Section 301 will act to the advantage of the employee by the fact that there shall be providence

on the part of the employer to ensure that there is comfort tailored towards the employees. This

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING) 7

improvement will ensure there is preservation of fundamental rights and freedoms as enshrined

in the constitution and conventions that the United States is signatory. It may be costly on the

part of the employer because enforcing such a provision will require extra attention towards

employees’ welfare but it is likely to boost output of the work done. It has been the case that

some employees have been unable to access better lives due to financial limitations yet they are

unfairly exploited at their workplace. Some earn below the required minimum wage. The BLS

Report (2015) of 2014 indicates that 3.9% of workers in 2014 were making wages well below

the Federal minimum. The minimum is $7.25 per hour to every worker. This means that there are

many workers who are unable to meet their daily minimum requirements.

Section 302 is poised to help in ensuring that the health of workers is not taken for

granted as is the probable case. When working, employees are bound to get injured in the

process. If their case is not advocated for beforehand, it may be the case that their rights are

likely to be infringed. Cases of employees getting ill or injured are likely to slip past the attention

deserved if there are no measures taken into account. Amendment of the act to task the secretary

with the responsibility of quickly ensuring the enactment of laws that protect the health status of

employees is a big step towards ensuring that employees’ rights are not infringed but are

addressed in an improved manner.

Section 308 ensures that proper investigations are done to find a proper course of action.

The rights of victims are to be protected to ensure that there is no victimization during and after

the investigations as to the things that might have transpired leading to the victim’s predicament.

The decision to have the Secretary spell out the rights of victims is a step that will ensure that

victims know their boundaries in terms of rights. This ensures that there is no manipulation from

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING) 8

those that might have influence on the enforcement of these rights. Ignorance of rights might

lead to one being a victim of unfair treatment.

Section 309 improves the manner in which penalties that are considered unfair might be

contested. This helps in ensuring that those feeling aggrieved are given airtime to seek redress of

their matters. There might be oversight on the part of those who deliver judgment on the

penalties. If more time is given to have a conclusive way of dealing with issues that occur

leading to penalties, there is a chance to ensure that the rights of one are well guarded as is the

spirit of the constitution.

Chemicals can be grouped in the assessment in terms of reactions they undergo of the effects

they have on the environment to prevent the occurrence of risks that might lead to gross health

effects of those who are reactive to such chemicals.

REACH helps in the assessment of products as to the chemical risks that are involved in

handling the products. It afterwards issues this information to the public to ensure that businesses

that handle chemicals know how to protect their employees from harm that might be caused by

the chemicals.

Old PELs exposes more employees to hazardous situations at the work place in greater

proportions compared to the lower PELs. This makes them more feasible because of the

regulations to which they are set.

Larger businesses are likely to be more feasible in terms of technology compared to the

small businesses. This feasibility provides a higher chance for advancement compared to those

businesses that are small an fear expansion due to the economies of scale.

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING) 9

References

Catalano, G. D. (2014). Engineering Ethics: Peace, Justice, and the Earth. San Rafael, CA:

Morgan & Claypool Publishers.

Crowe, C. T., Elgar, D. F., Williams, B. C., & Roberson, J. A. (2009). Engineering Fluid

Mechanics, 9th Edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

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