Dr Bruce And Hari

Running head: RESEARCH PAPER 1

Dr. Bruce K. Alexander (Psychology) and Johann Hari Journalist

Name

Institutional Affiliation

RESEARCH PAPER 2

Dr. Bruce K. Alexander (Psychology) and Johann Hari Journalist

Dr. Bruce K. Alexander (Psychology)

Bruce Alexander was a psychologist at Simon Fraser University in Canada. He was

focused on his primary research more frequently in addition to psychology. In the UK, he

demonstrated Rat Park experimentation. The experiment depicted falsity of outworn belief based

on narcotic drugs towards inducing addiction. Dr. Alexander holds that society is suffocating

through habits of alcohol and drug usage.

In his arguments, he reveals the reason behind drug use as the growth of disconnect for

the people who are around. He considers them as torn from close family relationships, traditional

spirituality, and culture. Additionally, Alexander invokes inadequate social integration and rift

that eradicates the standard societal life constitution. Bruce believes societal determinants are

weighty than individual determinations. Addiction is a social problem much disturbing as

considered to particular disorder (Benedikter et al., 2017). The concepts enabled him to think

that the drug war is a bit wrong-headed. Additionally, Alexander wrote a book on the

Globalization of addiction, where he focused on poverty of the spirit as his case study. The case

study represented new nature look on addiction, ways on how society should perceive addiction

and effective treatment on addiction.

Globalization of Addiction

Alexander focused his commitment and attention on the modern world in its historical

term, economic, and social life. Moreover, The Dr. was more interested in addiction and social

life of people. He identified for major addiction types but focused on one of its meaning, which

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he defined and restated as epics of his work. The definition incorporates what people

comprehend on addicted individuals to cocaine, alcohol, and heroin. It invokes what alcoholics

anonymous imply when it comes to professional drug treatment, psychologists, and physicians

Rawson et al., 2015). The scholar regarded addiction as tragic, destructive, and painful. He

parted from several Health professionals traced in America by establishing that addiction is not a

narcotic addiction and therefore, not a disease. Furthermore, Alexander emerged to argue that

recent scientific medical treatment is spectacularly unsuccessful in the context of preventing or

curing drug addiction in individuals.

Precisely, the meaning of addiction in his scholarly is not only focused on drug addiction.

It furthered elaborates on overwhelming, which he considered harmful engagements regarded to

any pursuit in any whatsoever manner. And it implies a dependency to ….'' Gambling, love,

power-seeking, religious or political zeal, work, food, video game playing, internet, surfing,

pornography seeking, and shopping’’ ( Yevarouski, 2017). The addiction, he came up with took

personal life aspects such as spiritual, social, emotional, behavioral, conscious, and intellectual.

The addictions cause severe addiction that resembles that of alcohol usage and dependencies

(Lewish, 2017). In other cases, he accepted vocabularies regarding recovery programs and

conventional treatment of drugs. Additionally, he stated that overwhelming might entail startling

blindness of the addiction harm aptly he regarded as a denial.

Bruce expanded on a suggestion on his phenomena on overwhelming behavior. He

suggested that many instances involved in drug addiction are not a single habit involvement. It

is, therefore, a complex addictive of many habits that sum up unique lifestyle addiction. The

craving which he critiqued existed in severity continuum ranging from mild issues or only

overwhelm in a person life which can exist for a short time. In the midpoint continuum,s drug

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addicts strive to retain a two way lifestyles. The overview of the normality got directed to a

severe endpoint where there are no chances to cancel addictions. Likewise, it destroys the

healthy lifestyle of an individual. Also, the end point of the continuum can significantly harm

other people when it reaches unrelenting with fatal consequences and hellish intensity.

Addiction globalization encompasses all hazardous form addictions. Alexander observes

drug addiction increases critically thought the world. He links them to recurring featured of

western civilization extending to dominant civilizations and also ancient civilizations. For

instance, he focused on writing about Augustine Hippo concerning great philosophers in ancient

Greek, early Christian theoretician. Through the practical examination of Plato and Augustine

enabled him to raise an enduring problem about disruptive power desires of humankind and

appetites of people.

Additionally, early Christian and Greeks imaged more the two the factors which acted as

evidence in discussions of the antisocial likelihood of human desire. Alexander dropped into a

foreign culture where people expressed familiarity with addictions. Addiction undermined the

possibility of pharmacological determinism or chemical claims. Some substances such as heroin

or alcohol contain unique, an addictive substance considered as enslaving powers. Bruce

provided the myth of drugs demons based on what he taught about pernicious and criminalized

prohibit substances. The radical expansion on moved addiction from treatment and scientific

medics and inserted it in tradition discussions possessed by civilization and life greet dilemmas.

Habit opens new windows in the context of globalization on human conditions in nuclear bomb

attempts, consumerists, and disintegrating environment.

The radical expansion enabled Bruce to develop to focus on his central writing on life

hood and addiction. He explored what addiction no not contain and cause of a decline in

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addiction lifestyles. Furthermore, he urged that addiction is more of social responsibility and

individuals based in the critics of dislocation. The specific factors include cultural, economic,

and severe social disorder. Alexander identified psychological integration as a different

perception of the disturbance in the Erik Erikson concept. Psychosocial integration occurs

interdependently between societies and individuals and grows in a person's lifestyle. It is a sense

of identity in stable social relationships because it initiates privileged on what people exact on

their minds. On the other hand, the lack of integration is dislocation by Karl Polanyi.

Drug addicts can be able to endure dislocation for some time. Instances where disorder

becomes severe it leads to boredom, emotional anguish, shame, bewilderment, and unbearable

despair. It mostly precipitates suicide and self- destruction. Forced dislocation is in the form of

solitary confinement, exile, communication, and ostracism. Furthermore, Alexander relates

addiction as being an adaptation to disorder. It is a practical method of dealing and responding to

dislocation.

The Rat Park Experiment

In 1978 Bruce Alexander carried out an experiment where he separated rats into two

cages. The rats got stimulated and isolated, respectively. He gave them morphine targeting to

measure environmental effects concerning addiction rates. The experiment was purposely to

debunk some issues flawed understanding addiction of drug at the time, more predominately

notions that existed on medication was the chief in situations where people became addicted. The

rats in the cages became dependent on the morphine content (Moore, 2018). The rat in the park

consumed less morphine as compared to the boring group cages. Alexander concluded that

addiction is not a person, but it is the cage one lives in it.

Issues Associated with Rat Park Study

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The experiment failed to control essential variables, for instance, female and male rats in

boring cages got isolated from one another though housed together in Rat cage. Within a few

moments, the park experienced pups which he did not give an account for whether removed or

left in the cages, which may have factored the results. Additionally, when other scientists

attempted the same experiment, they acquired mixed results different from Alexander because no

experimented reflected the results of the Park. Rats are not humankind and behave differently

Johann Hari Journalist

Johann Hari became a winning journalist when he wrote the book chasing the scream. In

his book, he majorly focused on criminalizing drug history. He revealed his historical anxiety

and depressions because he got dissatisfied with biochemical treatment mechanisms. Hari

suggested that antidepressants offer partial solutions to severe suffering to moderate depressions.

He described the serotonin story that diverted the attention of the social standard and life-sustain

connection forms.

The best method of winning a drug war is not prisons or police but is striving to reduce

isolation feelings. The journalist challenged cerebral model aiming at dealing with drug

addiction denoted as a war on drugs. He spent much of his time in exploration of the park

experiment carried out in the 1970s by a team of psychologists. He challenged findings on

Alexander and established the possibility of addiction as a cage of an individual. Human beings

contain inmate and essential need in bonding (Corballis & Hari, 2018). In the case of health or

happiness life, they closely bond and relates to each other. In instances of isolated, life

challenges or traumatized, they will bond with something that gives them a sense of relief.

As an educator and a chancellor, Hari focused on his lost connections. He focused on

seven perceived relationships such as meaningful work, meaningful values, other people, respect

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and status, traumas in childhood, secure future, or the hopeful and natural occurring world. Each

disconnection for received a lot of attention because of societal experience, personal experiences

as well as consultations and interviews I literature research. Hari did not leave medical

information regarding his brain changes gene roles. He connected human beings with is terrible

and good fortune. Additionally, Johann described anti-depressant kinds as compass points.

Alexander’s theory was a radical assault. In the example that Hari gave was about hip

breaking, which required diamorphine or medically known as heroin. The heroin an individual

gets from a doctor will be much of higher potency and purity as compared to heroin used by

street addicts who access them from criminal adulteration (Trudeau, 2017). Furthermore, if the

old theory were correct, many people would leave the hospitals with aims of scoring smarts in

streets for habit satisfactory. He revealed that the opposite of addiction was not sobriety, but it

was a human connection. He concluded that addiction is due to social isolation.

Hari’s Understanding about Honesty was wrong

In the end, the journalist responded to his actions through excuse making, dishonesty, and

minimization. The plagiarism of Hari became unique in the interview subjects. He did not state

what he wanted them to perform because he lifted quotes from others without giving attribution.

Additionally, he created a fake online identity to make the slanderous alteration in his Wikipedia

page. Additionally, Hari faces another accusation of the atrocity which he reported while he was

in the Central African Republic. He stripped off a significant journalist award

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References

Benedikter, R., Siepmann, K., & Reymann, A. (2017). " Head-transplanting" and" mind-

uploading": philosophical implications and potential social consequences of two

Medico-Scientific Utopias. Review of Contemporary Philosophy, 16, 38.

Corballis, A., & Hari, J. (2018). Johann Hari discusses the opioid crisis and ways of responding

to anxiety and depression. International Journal of Narrative Therapy & Community

Work, (4), 61.

Lewis, M. (2017). Addiction and the brain: development, not disease. Neuroethics, 10(1), 7-18.

Moore, G. (2018). The pharmacology of addiction. Parrhesia., (29), 190-211.

Rawson, R. A., Woody, G., Kresina, T. F., & Gust, S. (2015). The Globalization of Addiction

Research: Capacity Building Mechanisms and Selected Examples. Harvard review of

psychiatry, 23(2), 147.

Trudeau, A. (2017). Johann Hari: Chasing the Scream: the First and Last Days of the War on

Drugs.

Yevarouski, V. (2017). Hijacking Sorrow, Joy, Pleasure and Reward: A Philosophical

Interpretive Framework for the Theory of Alcohol Addiction. Sociologija. Mintis ir

veiksmas, 41(2), 100-136.

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