Economic Sources Of Conflicts

Running head: ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 1

Economic Sources of Conflicts

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ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 2

2.0. Summary

The African continent has had numerous challenges in the stability of their economy.

These struggle as much as they have been caused by the unstable political atmosphere in the

majority of the African countries; Natural resources such as oil have been the primary cause

of all the bloodshed and industrial actions in the African continent. South Africa, in

particular, has been at the heart of the political violence in the continent even in the post-

apartheid error. The violence dating back during the time of Nelson Mandela as the first

president of the Republic took a new twist in 2012 after the Marikana strike. The Marikana

massacre and violence which claimed at least the lives of 34 workers at the mine site is just a

case that shows how the states in the Africa have failed the citizens and their workers in the

attempts to stabilize their economies. Countries such as South Sudan which was recently

celebrated as the world’s newest state following the success of the secession motion has

experienced a lot of conflicts and civil war. This Conflicts even though are being viewed as

the results of the fall out between the president Kiir and his former vice president Machar, oil

mining and the control of the oil-bearing sites is a primary reason behind all the political

divisions and the conflicts.

Predation has been witnessed in the continent in the few past decades that has been a

stumbling block to the progress of the economy of the affected countries. The struggle has

dramatically dealt the West African countries and most notably Sierra Leone. The predation

of the country’s natural resources resulted in conflicts and consequently the lousy war within

the country over the control of the funds. The state of instability has then left the economy of

Sierra Leone trailing to the expected growth rate due to the vast natural resources the Country

is in possession. Ghana has faced a significant economic challenge in a large number of the

unemployed youths in the country that has resulted in the significant commercial conflicts

and financial crises in the country. The battles are more caused by the failure of the state to

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 3

fully exploit the country’s substantial natural resources and accommodate all her citizens.

3.0. Introduction

Natural resources and their connections to the violence in the African countries has

attracted the attention of the world and hence the research the significant causes of the violent

political conflicts in the continent. External influences in the governance of the African states

have been established as the principal cause of the natural resources related disputes in the

countries affected. Oil-endowed nations in the African continent have been in the headlines

of the political conflicts that have resulted majorly from the controversy over the ownership

of the oil-bearing sites and the poor state management and distribution of the same resources

equally to the people. Technology and the general technological development nature is

fundamental in explaining the way the natural resources in Africa are linked to the political

conflicts in the continent Especially in South Sudan, South Africa and Sierra Leone. The

Governance of the respective states has also played a vital role in the linking of the natural

resources to the political conflicts in the countries. In general, corruption among the state

officials and the mismanagement of the country’s native funds dramatically undermines the

democracy hence decline in the state-people relationship that in the long run worsens the

poverty level in the country, therefore, the emergence of the political conflicts.

4.0. Marikana Strike and Political violence in South Africa

Looking back to 6th August 2012, South Africa woke up to an enormous disaster the

place it might have been accounted that police gunned down 34 Lonmin specialists

Throughout a protest movement In Marikana (Magaziner & Jacobs, 2013). Rock drill

operators from the Lonmin platinum mine were challenging against low compensation the

state responded with monstrous violence, bringing about those demise of their kin. Even

though it may be a particular inconsistency that the Marikana mine workers had turned into a

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 4

series of the violence, toward those run through of the shooting they had shown that they

might hand over their weapons if the mine holders suitably agreed to talk with them

(Magaziner & Jacobs, 2013). This incident of the Marikana strike is regarded as the defining

moment of law based South Africa’s historical backdrop. Dissimilar to those Sharpeville

Also Soweto massacres, the slaughtering from claiming striking miners done in Marikana

might have been conveyed out by a democratically chosen legislature.

The two weeks bloody strike of the Marikana came to the climax bringing on board

the international community’s attention and the necessary intervention (Magaziner & Jacobs,

2013). Even though there is no tangible evidence of either the South African police or the

Lonmin mine owners intending to shoot at the striking workers, There emerged the reports

that the company’s management had agreed with the police two days before the violence that

the strike of the miners should then be broken decisively

4.1. Causes of the Marikana Strike

The strike took place towards the backdrop of developing dissatisfaction with NUM,

The people who were visible to be siding with mining management in wage negotiations on

behalf of the miners and the rejection of set up collective bargaining techniques that had been

perceived by way of the union rank and file to be old and now not meeting their aspirations

(Magaziner & Jacobs, 2013). To feature to the grievances of the miners had been a

developing disparity in earnings among management and employees despite the fact that the

rock drill operators who had been at the center of this incident are within the top-earning 25%

of personal quarter employees in South Africa dissatisfaction with squalid dwelling and

running conditions and the migrant labor machine. There is an unfortunate notion in South

Arica that unless strikes are observed with the aid of violence, not anything may be achieved.

It's also the case that South Africa has the best quantity of running days lost to business

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 5

motion within the global (Magaziner & Jacobs, 2013). In the vast majority of instances,

employees grow to be worse off after the industrial action. The combination of those factors

brought about mass self-illustration on the part of the miners and a strike that led to the loss

of life, extreme violence and intimidation.

4.2. Economic impacts of the Marikana Strike

In the immediate fallout of the strike, fingers were pointed in a few headings. The

police were reprimanded for adopting an awkward strategy, the administration and

administration were rebuked for neglecting to predict what might happen and finding a way

to address an emergency taking shape. Additionally considering the prior strike at Implants

which in itself brought about three passing, numerous wounds and billions of rants of lost

creation and the striking mineworkers were reprimanded for neglecting to take after built up

aggregate haggling forms. Mining is an essential division in the South African economy

(Magaziner & Jacobs, 2013). It had been accounted for that in 2012 it acquired $21bn, or

5.5% of GDP and 38% of all South African fares. An inner notice from Lonmin authorities

demonstrates that in July the organization knew it was paying its stone penetrates

administrators’ not as much as different organizations. The choice at that point to connect

with specialists specifically, as opposed to through the unions, was affirmed by the official

committee. Some of the excavators are from SA's neighboring nations, e.g. Lesotho. Sotho

men are known to be for the most part tranquil in their associations with ladies, yet of late it

has been accounted for that level of viciousness against ladies is on the ascent in Lesotho.

This has been ascribed to the negative effect of the framework in which diggers are getting

themselves. Mineworkers go into those mines cheerful and turn out irate. Brutality blends in

mines. Mines had turned out to be a wellspring of capital as well as foundations of savagery,

where human rights are manhandled. It was that manhandle that prompt outrage, which

overflowed with brutality. Lerato Mbele composed that, the catastrophe has left Africa's

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 6

wealthiest economy on edge for peace and balance to be reestablished.

4.3. Political violence in South Africa

From whatever viewpoint one takes a gander at it, South Africa is a fundamentally

hostile nation. It usually concurs this is the aftereffect of the nation's long history of

politically-sanctioned racial segregation, a prejudicial framework propagated by South

Africa's legislature and their military, which prohibited the non-white dominant part from its

offer of state control and settled in social and monetary imbalances amongst whites and non-

whites in all divisions. According to (Dawes et al, 2005), the militarization of the politically-

sanctioned racial segregation state made viciousness to some degree inescapable; however,

there were other vital inclining factors, as will be seen. Since the approach of politically-

sanctioned racial segregation was sweeping, each example of brutality in South Africa was

dealt with as a part of political viciousness.

Political brutality is the concentration of most researchers of savagery in South

Africa. This attention seems sweeping because most types of barbarism are related to

politically-sanctioned racial segregation and the battle to end it. It tends to lay excessively

accentuation, in any case, on plainly political factors which apparently can't adequately

clarify demonstrations of criminal viciousness, for example, assault, murder, gangsters and

equipped burglary, which are substantially more unavoidable than entirely political protests

of savagery (Dawes et al, 2005). What is apparently required is a comprehensive system

which ascribes to the different types of viciousness the different accentuations in clarification

because of them, even while regarding them blandly as outcomes of a similar social order or

disorder.

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 7

5.0. Oil and Conflict in South Sudan

South Sudan is the world's most up to date country, in the focal point of Africa

flanked by six nations (Johnson, 2014). It is rich in oil, however, following many years of

current war it is additionally one of the minima created locales on earth, just 15% of its

nationals claim a cell phone, and they're not very many landing area streets in a territory

higher than Spain and Portugal consolidated (Johnson, 2014). This makes the Nile River,

which moves through provincial focuses, a vital transport and exchange course. Dairy cattle

are additionally integral to life in South Sudan; a man's riches are measured by the span of

their crowd.

5.1. Oil mining in South Sudan

The mining business of South Sudan began working from the time South Sudan

turned into a provincial legislature of Sudan in 2005. Its legacy was an all-around created oil

industry with a broad system of pipelines going through Sudan. With freedom in 2011, the oil

business was brought to a temporary end. Before independence, South Sudan delivered 85%

of Sudanese oil yield (Shankleman, 2011). The oil incomes as indicated by the

Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) were to be part similarly for the term of the

assertion time frame. Since South Sudan depends on pipelines, refineries, and port offices in

Red Sea state in North Sudan, the understanding expressed that the administration in

Khartoum would get half offer of all oil revenues (Shankleman, 2011). Oil incomes constitute

over 98% of the legislature of South Sudan's financial plan as per the southern government's

Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, and this has added up to more than $8 billion in

income since the consenting to of the peace arrangement.

As of late, a lot of outside based oil penetrating has started in South Sudan, raising the

land's geopolitical profile. Oil and other mineral assets can be found all through South Sudan,

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 8

yet the territory around Bentiu is usually known as being particularly rich in oil, while

Jonglei, Warrap, and Lakes have potential stores. (Batruch, 2004) Amid the self-sufficiency

years from 2005 to 2011, Khartoum apportioned quite a bit of Sudan into hinders, with

around 85% of the oil originating from the South. Pieces 1, 2, and four are controlled by the

biggest abroad consortium, the Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company (GNPOC).

GNPOC is made out of the accompanying players: China National Petroleum Corporation

(CNPC, People's Republic of China), with a 40% stake; Petronas (Malaysia), with 30%; Oil

and Natural Gas Corporation (India), with 25%; and Sudapet of the focal Sudan government

with 5%. Because of Sudan's quality on the United States' rundown of state backers of fear-

based oppression and Khartoum's emphasis on accepting an offer of the benefit from any oil

bargain South Sudan directs universally, US oil organizations can't work with landlocked

South Sudan. Us organizations have no nearness in the South Sudanese oil division (Batruch,

2004).

5.2. Oil conflicts in South Sudan

Chevron found oil in the Bentu and Heglig locale of southern Sudan in 1978, and

America continued offering the different guide to Sudan. Sudan was the world's 6th biggest

beneficiary of U.S. military aid.The focal government in Khartoum was resolved to control

the oil fields from the beginning and moved to make the "Solidarity Province" in 1980

(Batruch, 2004). This creation barred the oil locales from Confederate control and

consolidated them into the north. The takeover of the oil areas and the presentation of sharia

law in 1983 reignited resistance in the south. Colonel John Garang framed the Sudan Peoples'

Liberation Army (SPLA), assaulting Chevron oil establishments. By 1993 the war against the

south had turned into a jihad, with the present ruler Brigadier Omar al-Bashir arranging a

forceful overthrow with the help of the National Islamic Front under Hassan al-Turabi.

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 9

Sometime before abominable clash emitted in December 2013, South Sudan was at

that point exhibiting every one of the markers of the asset reviles (Batruch, 2004). Ninety-

eight percent of the administration is yearly working spending plan, and 80 percent of its

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is gotten from oil, making South Sudan the most oil-

dependent nation on the planet. But instead than utilization of this income to put resources

into open administration and framework to enhance vocations, the legislature financed a

military and security mechanical assembly. On the highest point of this SPLA, government

authorities had stolen a significant part of the incomes from this area and kept the cash in

foreign nations (Batruch, 2004). Additionally, Juba was profiting a considerable measure

from oil cash to the detriment of different states in South Sudan. The fallout between the

Sudanese government and the Sudan people’s liberation, army SPLA over the controversies

on the ownership of the oil-bearing sites, sparked the oil conflicts in South Sudan.

5.3 Economic impacts of oil conflicts in South Sudan

Whenever a country is involved in the political and economic conflicts, the

development of the particular state is significantly hampered and thus leading to the increased

levels of poverty among her citizens. This poverty level has not been an exception in the case

of the oil conflicts in the South Sudan (Batruch, 2004). South Sudan’s economy is currently

the world’s most oil-dependent accounting to 98% of the country’s revenue and

approximately 80% of their total GDP. The destabilization of the oil mining industry through

the related conflicts in the recent years has dramatically affected the economy of South Sudan

reducing their total revenue by a significant margin and leaving a large number unemployed.

The thousands of the citizens killed in the course of the oil conflicts have also been of a

significant adverse effect on the country’s economic growth as the skilled labour force

dramatically reduces in the oil mining industry (Batruch, 2004). The United Nations need to

intervene the financial situation in South Sudan and enhance the successful peace talks to

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restore the unity and togetherness in the country especially among the Dinka and the Nueur

for the general benefit of all the trading countries.

6. Predation in Sierra Leone

6.1. The rise of Predation in Sierra Leone

The civil war in Sierra Leone has been at the helm of the slow economic growth rate

in the country leading to the stagnation in the country’s development. The predation

commenced and lasted majorly between 1991 to the year 2002 (Abdullah, 1999). This took

place the moment the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) that was receiving enormous

support from the forces of National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) to intervene the

government of Sierra Leone with the intentional attempts to overthrow Joseph Momoh. The

conflicts in the country are the primary cause of the rise in predation in Sierra Leone that has

hurt the economy of the country (Gberie, 2005). To guarantee the survival of the July 1999

Lomé Agreement marked to end the conventional war, the revolutionary pioneer, Foday

Sankoh, was made the executive of the commission dealing with the nation's mineral

resources.70 The desire was that by putting their pioneer responsible for the nation's primary

common asset, the agitators would enable the peace consent to stand. It was additionally

accepted that the renegade pioneer would have the capacity to get his contenders to regard the

terms of the understanding (Bangura, 2004). These suppositions were to flop woefully; what's

more, the suggestions were to make a few experts to imperfection the peace understanding.

This failure to honour the agreement was a failure primarily on the state side that reached the

vice acts to continue in Sierra Leone.

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6.2. Political economy of predation in Sierra Leone

Amid the war, which went on for over ten years, revolts, and to a lesser degree

government powers, reliably neglected to recognize regular folks and soldiers? Many

ordinary citizens experienced the mark revolt monstrosity of appendage removal while a

large number of young ladies and ladies were subjected to sexual brutality (Bangura, 2004).

All sides selected and utilized tyke warriors. The conventional war was the consequence of

differed connections between auxiliary issues in Sierra Leone society which expanded

grievances among individuals and, likewise, prompted the development of the RUF

(Abdullah, 1999). Despite the fact that jewels apparently assumed a noteworthy part in

financing the war once it began, precious stones more probable added to undermining state

organizations in the pre-war period, along these lines expanding grievance, instead of

straightforwardly setting off the contention. The issues of minimized youth following the fall

of patrimonial society were additionally significant issues: without appropriate training and

work, many youngsters were left powerless against efficiently be selected to the radical

powers (Gberie, 2005). The RUF was not just careless and rough marauders with no genuine

political reason as broadly accepted. The early co-authority uncovers a few underlying

foundations of radical understudy developments in the prior period, and by efficiently taking

out these roots, Sankoh solidified his energy and led the war in his savage way.

6.3. Predation of Natural resource and State Failure

The Sierra Leone political framework in its post-autonomy period shows the attributes

of a 'shadow state'. A shadow state, with its birthplace in managing unlawful mining

exercises, uncovers 'the development by leaders of a parallel political expert to deal with the

precious stone part in the wake of the close aggregate rot of formal state establishments'.

(Bangura, 2004) With the conspiracy of the British, the Sierra Leone Peoples Party (SLPP)

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 12

circulated jewel mining licenses to party followers in the late 1950s. The shadow state,

nonetheless, began to become significantly more gigantically under the All People's Congress

(APC).

Siaka Stevens, who was the PM (1968-1971) and afterward the principal leader of Sierra

Leone (1971-1985) under the APC administration, and his Sierra Leone-conceived Lebanese

accomplice, Jamil Said Mohammed, picked up control of 'the state precious stone promoting

restraining infrastructure in 1976 of every a counterfeit privatization work out', empowering

them to acquire up to 300 million dollars (at 2001 costs) in jewel incomes (Gberie, 2005).

Not being fulfilled, Stevens stretched out his privatization ventures to 'state organizations for

horticultural showcasing, street transport, and oil refining'. Rather than promoting an

effective and focused market, however, the privatization procedure under the administration

of Stevens just added to expanding his fortune and additionally his key political partners'

riches, 'by utilizing government control over import/send out licenses and over the

assignment of remote trade to support his own particular customers'

6.4 Effects of Predation in Sierra Leone on the Economy

Even after Stevens' smooth hand-over of energy to Joseph Momoh in 1985, the

circumstance went more terrible. With government being practically bankrupt, it wound up

plainly difficult to pay most government workers (Bangura, 2004). To beat the absence of

state assets by getting IMF monetary help, Momoh's administration sought after strict

somberness measures, for example, diminishing appropriations in petroleum and

nourishment. This takeoff from the past support framework prompted real spending cuts on

wellbeing and training (Abdullah, 1999). For example, amid the 1974/75 financial year, 15.6

percent of government use was spent on training; at the same time, this was decreased to 8.5

in the 1988/89 financial year (Abdullah 1998), at that point notwithstanding falling to an

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 13

untouched low 3 percent in 1993. This spending cut in instruction seriously influenced the

pay rates of instructors and the quantity of understudies: 'many schools and universities were

shut given the non-instalment of compensations to educators' and, by 1987, under 30 percent

of offspring of optional school age were enlisted in school. Considering the monetary and

social benefits that Freetown had delighted in from its provincial circumstances, these

spending cuts had probably hit urban regions considerably harder, which clarify why we can't

just respect the resistance development of the RUF as a country uprising (Gberie, 2005).

7. Youth unemployment and conflict in Ghana

The Ghanaian youth today has a place with an age who feel that the individual

agreement they marked with the administration buckle down, and you can have a superior life

than your folks, has been in a general sense ruptured (Hart, 2006). There is not a single better

prospect to be seen under this administration for the young. The unsafe graduate joblessness

especially is the backbone of the breathtaking breakdown of decent quality and training in

Ghana of late. The young never again feel roused or propelled to buckle down and remain

tremendous and out of inconvenience (Jones & Chant, 2009). Some even contend verily that

spending ages and energies ascending the instructive stepping stool is superfluous. Like this,

they invoke in their psyches that formal instruction is an exercise in futility and assets.

7.1. Causes of youth unemployment in Ghana

The young people in Ghana are very jobless enduring the worst part of starkness

economic strategies. The NDC government has fallen the private segment, which is the motor

of development (Hart, 2006). Aside from the brutal expenses, the legislature has been useless

at understanding the vitality impasse and swarmed personal financial specialists out of the

household currency advertise as well. Organizations require credits (or advances) to extend

its operations and draw in more hands (likely the young) in the outcome (Jones & Chant,

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 14

2009). Tragically, the administration has commanded the currency advertise with treasury

charges decreasing the available attributes and causing loan fees to increment generously.

Organizations at that point either increases costs of merchandise and ventures or lay-off a few

laborers (in all likelihood the youthful) keeping in mind the end goal to work on the financial

plan. (Jones & Chant, 2009) While trying to lessen the joblessness, the administration had

renamed the acquired NYEP to GYEEDA, YES and now YEA. The NYEP, an NPP leader

strategy was worked efficiently and accurately regulated and assumed a critical part 8n is

tending to joblessness in our denied groups. Today the young business program has been

scandalized with defilement.

The skills befuddle a core joblessness because that influences youngsters in Ghana

(Hart, 2006). There are a vast number of young graduates who are looking for employment,

yet organizations require aptitudes these youngsters never got from schools. The range of

abilities of our graduates doesn't relate to the necessary skills needed by agencies. Also,

youngsters who have propelled degrees get themselves overqualified for the prepared

occupations. In such manner, there is both monetary and individual cost: their possibilities

are underutilized. While the underlying driver of the abilities jumble is hard to finger, it's a

blend of school educational modules disregarding professional, entrepreneurial and

employability preparing for unbending hypothetical scholastics, poor associations amongst

enterprises and schools to advance preparing and working understanding for the activity

showcase. The aptitudes bungle in display Ghana is declined by the detachment of ICT

devices for making because of its luxury coming about because of new charges on ICT inputs

(Jones & Chant, 2009).

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 15

7.2. Consequences of youth unemployment in Ghana

Some indirect implications of joblessness, however, is intensified when the jobless are

youthful (Jones &Chant, 2009). Take migration for one: driven young residents confronting

distressing future in Ghana regularly look for circumstances somewhere else more promptly

than their senior citizens with low families. In Ghana, where the adolescent joblessness rate

pegs at 48%, some youthful experts like graduate medical attendants, instructors and

specialists may consider emigrating for work reasons. In the meantime, a steady cerebrum

depletes one all the more discouraging side effect of a stale economy (Hart, 2006). It

moderates the execution of the economy and stagnates it.

High wrongdoing rate is another consequence (Jones & Chant, 2009). Endeavors to

quality the current ascent in violations to youth joblessness is overhasty. In any case, to finish

up there is no connection amongst wrongdoing and youth joblessness all the more, for the

most part, looks unduly idealistic. Young fellows are as of now more inclined to violate the

law than most; having more sit without moving time, more rational and less to lose scarcely

demoralizes them(Jones & Chant, 2009). Pioneers can't keep on letting the young down,

living in extravagance while anticipating that the adolescent should look on. Sooner or later,

they will get disappointed and endeavor to take you out. Keep in mind, most young fellows

neither have properties nor should guide subordinate families to stress over if there arise an

occurrence of uproars. A few analysts even claim that a causal connection exists between

expanded youth joblessness and increments in wrongdoing, particularly property wrongdoing

(burglary, robbery, robbery and harm) and medication offences. No such association is

recognized however for general joblessness. We should understand that future work prospects

tumble off a bluff if the wrongdoing prompts jail.

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 16

7.3. Causes of Conflicts in Ghana

The state failed to offer employment equally and to all the educated youths in Ghana

has been the core cause of all the conflicts among the teens and the violent political rivalry

(Jones & Chant, 2009). The feeling of marginalization among a good number of the Ghana

citizens has dramatically influenced the disputes that have been witnessed in the country in

the recent past years (Hart, 2006). The failure by the Ghana government to facilitate the

agreement with the youths has also significantly contributed to the increased conflicts as a

direct result of the high rate of unemployment.

7.4. Economic Implications of conflicts in Ghana

The severe financial effect of the considerable number of disputes in the influenced

zones is truly devastating. There was the wanton demolition of properties and monetary

assets (Jones & Chant, 2009). The conflicts had enduring consequences that will keep on

altering economic development for a long time. The general perceptions that rose up out of

the clashes are the way that the financial repercussions go long ways past accessible insights.

Plants, grinding mills, autos, ranches create, dairy cattle, goats, sheep, houses, markets,

shops, and numerous more were all that pulverized (Hart, 2006). Stagnation in the

development of Ghana is among the significant consequences of the unemployment conflicts.

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 17

8. Conclusion

The political conflicts in the various countries of the Africa continent have played a

prominent role in the slow economic growth rate of the respective countries. The struggle

over the control and the general ownership of the vast natural resources has been at the heart

of the fierce political rivalries and divisions across the continent. The failures by some of the

Governments in place for the past few decades further sparked the conflicts as a result of

unequal distribution of the resources and poor service delivery to the citizens as witnessed in

the case of the Marikana strike in South Africa and the high unemployment rates in Ghana.

External interference by the developed nations in the control of the resources have also had a

significant effect on the conflicts in Africa as witnessed in the oil conflicts in South Sudan

and the predations in Sierra Leone. Corruption among the state officials and the

mismanagement of the country’s natural resources dramatically undermines the democracy

hence decline in the state-people relationship that in the long run worsens the poverty level.

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 18

9. Bibliography

Citation in APA format:

Dawes, A., Tredoux, C., & Feinstein, A. (2005). Political violence in South Africa: Some

effects on children of the violent destruction of their community. International

journal of mental health, 18(2), 16-43.

Statement of problem (what the article is about):

This article partains the Political violence in South Africa which is considered a major

cause of the slowed economic development in the country. The violence is caused by the

injustices over the natural resources such as the Marikana mines.

Research question or hypothesis:

The objective of this study was to establish the root causes of the political violence in

South Africa and the Marikana Strike

Findings, Implications and/or Conclusions:

Controversies over the ownership of the country’s resources and the failure by the

government to offer the best working conditions in the mines sparked the violence

How does the article relate to my research topic?

African countries have suffered political violence due to the struggle over the vast

natural resources that the continent has and South Africa is not an exception

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 19

Citation in APA format:

Batruch, C. (2004). 12. Oil and conflict: Lundin Petroleum’s experience in South Sudan.

Statement of problem (what the article is about):

The article explains on the causes of the oil mines conflicts in South Sudan and the

economic impacts of the conflicts

Research question or hypothesis:

The key objective of the study was to establish the real cause of the political conflicts

in South Sudan and how oil is related to the divisions witnessed

Findings, Implications and/or Conclusions:

Natural resources in the country and particularly ownership of the oil bearing sites is

the cause of the political conflicts in South Sudan

How does the article relate to my research topic?

African countries have suffered political violence due to the struggle over the vast

natural resources that the continent has and South Sudan is not an exception

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 20

Citation in APA format:

Gberie, L. (2005). A dirty war in West Africa: the RUF and the destruction of Sierra Leone.

Indiana University Press.

Statement of problem (what the article is about):

Sierra Leone has undergone serious civil war in the past years and the remarkable

predation in the country has led to great economic adversities in the country.

Research question or hypothesis:

To establish the rise of predation in Sierra Leone and the economic effects of the civil

war in the country

Findings, Implications and/or Conclusions:

External influences from other countries caused the rise of the civil war in Sierra

Leone and hence the divisions

How does the article relate to my research topic?

Sierra Leone’s economy was greatly affected by the predation in the country which

was majorly as a result of the external influence

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 21

Citation in APA format:

Jones, G. A., & Chant, S. (2009). Globalising initiatives for gender equality and poverty

reduction: Exploring ‘failure’with reference to education and work among urban

youth in The Gambia and Ghana. Geoforum, 40(2), 174-196.

Statement of problem (what the article is about):

The article explains on the globalizing initiatives on the poverty reduction in Ghana

and the effects of the high unemployment

Research question or hypothesis:

To establish the key causes of the high youth unemployment and its relation to the

conflicts in Ghana.

Findings, Implications and/or Conclusions:

Mismatch of the skills and the poor governance of the country is the major cause of

the high unemployment in the Country.

How does the article relate to my research topic?

Ghana has severely suffered the consequences of the high youth unemployment rates

in the country and hence need to establish the root causes and the control measures.

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 22

Citation in APA format:

Magaziner, D., & Jacobs, S. (2013). Notes from Marikana, South Africa: the platinum

miners’ strike, the massacre, and the struggle for equivalence. International Labor

and Working-Class History, 83, 131-146.

Statement of problem (what the article is about):

The article explains the police brutality on the 12

august on the Marikana strikers

and the change in South Africa thereafter

Research question or hypothesis:

To establish the economic changes in South Africa after the Marikana massacre.

Findings, Implications and/or Conclusions:

The South Africa Government increased the workers’ pay at the mines and provided

the necessary working environment to the workers.

How does the article relate to my research topic?

The Marikana strike in South Africa is a historic brutality that needs to be properly

investigated and the preventive measures established.

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 23

Citation in APA format:

Bangura, Y (2004) ‘The political and cultural dynamics of the Sierra Leone War’, in I

Abdullah (ed.) Between democracy and terror: the Sierra Leone Civil War, UNISA

Press, Pretoria.

Statement of problem (what the article is about):

The civil war and predation in Sierra Leone that claimed the lives of the citizens and

hence slowing down the economic growth of the country

Research question or hypothesis:

To establish the State failures in the predation in Sierra Leone and the predation of the

natural resources

Findings, Implications and/or Conclusions:

The Sierra Leone Government was at the blames for the failure to curb the external

influence and support to the rebel groups

How does the article relate to my research topic?

The government of Sierra Leone needs to learn Their Failures in the protection of the

citizens from Civil Wars.

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 24

Citation in APA format:

Abdullah, I (1999) ‘Bush path to destruction: the origin and character of the Revolutionary

United Front/Sierra Leone’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 36, no. 2, pp.

203-235.

Statement of problem (what the article is about):

The article entails the rise of predation and the economic impacts of the conflicts to

the country over the natural resources

Research question or hypothesis:

The objective of the study was to establish the causes of the increased predation in

Sierra Leone and the impacts it had on the economy

Findings, Implications and/or Conclusions:

The failure to honor the earlier established agreements in Sierra Leone and the

rebellious groups in the country were the key causes of the conflicts

How does the article relate to my research topic?

Identification of the root cause of a long term economic disaster in the country is key

to controlling the disaster

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 25

Citation in APA format:

Johnson, D. H. (2014). Briefing: the crisis in South Sudan. African Affairs, 113(451), 300-

309.

Statement of problem (what the article is about):

The political crisis in South Sudan after the celebration of the world’s newest country

due to the controversy of the oil mines.

Research question or hypothesis:

To establish the main cause of the political instability in South Sudan given it is still a

young country that just exercised their freedom to secede.

Findings, Implications and/or Conclusions:

Controversies over the ownership of the southern oil mines with the Khartoum

government caused the political conflicts in the country

How does the article relate to my research topic?

South Sudan needs to establish the alternative pipeline connections and hence end the

controversies with the Khartoum government

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 26

Citation in APA format:

Shankleman, J. (2011). Oil and State Building in South Sudan. United States Institute of

Peace. Special Report, 282.

Statement of problem (what the article is about):

The article reflects on the state establishments and the oil availability in south Sudan

that sparked the violence later on.

Research question or hypothesis:

To establish the availability of the oil mines in the independent state of South Sudan

Findings, Implications and/or Conclusions:

The new country of South Sudan is a rich oil mine state that has the potential to

rapidly grow the economy if well exploits the resources

How does the article relate to my research topic?

The country needs to realize its full potential in the vast natural resources it contains

and hence exploit

ECONOMIC SOURCES OF CONFLICTS 27

Citation in APA format:

Hart, K. (2006). The politics of unemployment in Ghana. African Affairs, 75(301), 468-497.

Statement of problem (what the article is about):

Elaborates on the role of the political organization in the country and general

governance to the low rates of employment in Ghana

Research question or hypothesis:

To identify the negative impacts of the top political leaders in Ghana in the

employment sector of the country’s economy

Findings, Implications and/or Conclusions:

The political structure and the preferences of the Ghana Government has played a

major role in the increased rates of the unemployment in the country

How does the article relate to my research topic?

Ghana needs to restructure and honor the youth agreement that will help to curb the

growing rate of unemployment.

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