Effects Of Nighttime Messaging On Academic Performance Of Students

Running head: EFFECTS OF NIGHTTIME MESSAGING ON PEFORMANCE 1

Effects of nighttime messaging on academic performance of students

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

EFFECTS OF NIGHTTIME MESSAGING ON PEFORMANCE 2

Effects of Nighttime Messaging on Academic Performance of Students

1. Briefly summarize the main aims of the study presented in this paper.

The primary aim of the study is to establish if there is an impact of nighttime messaging on

daytime sleepiness and academic performance of a sample of students from three schools. The

objective of the study can also be expressed in terms of hypothesis; the null hypothesis of the

study would be nighttime messaging after lights are off have impact on daytime sleepiness and

poor performance of students.

2. Explicitly indicate what is the population. Indicate the final sample size in this study and

compare it to that found in the lab data set.

The population of the students in the three schools is 2168. However, the final sample size is

1537. The final sample size in the study; 1537 is relatively bigger than the sample size in the

lab dataset; 126.

3. Name all variables measured in the lab data set that were not measured by the authors of the

paper. Explicitly indicate the variable type for each of them.

The lab data set contained several variables that were not measured in the study. They

include, athlete, other activities hours of the students, school type, number of naps and

adequate DSS.

4. Comment on whether the sample was randomly selected or not. Is the study an experiment or

an observation? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this type of study.

The sample was not randomly selected since the whole population was used and the criteria of

selecting the sample was based on the identification of the correct responses. The responses of

628 students were rejected due to failure by the students to answer 50% of the questions and

EFFECTS OF NIGHTTIME MESSAGING ON PEFORMANCE 3

the sample students providing responses that are not in the provided options. The study is an

experiment since an F-test was done on SPSS to determine the correlation between the

variables under study. The primary advantages of this method of study are; it is basic,

straightforward, and the most efficient method of study, the methodology is repeatable hence

the outcome can be verified, it is the most appropriate way of drawing conclusion regarding

treatments and establishing the correlations between the treatments. However, the method of

study also has disadvantages. Some of its disadvantages are; the validity of the test results is

subject to human error, extraneous variables may not be controlled easily and the research

must adhere to ethical standards and

5. What statistical software did the authors use to analyze the data?

The authors used a combination of Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSSS Statistics in analyzing

the impact of nighttime messaging on daytime sleepiness, and academic performance of

students.

6. Discuss whether the authors followed all ethical principles. Make sure you explicitly mention

each principle and clearly indicate the evidence supporting your claim on whether the authors

addressed or did not address that principle.

The author followed all ethical principles. The first principle states that a researcher must

obtain informed consent from potential research participants. In the study, the administrations

of all participating high schools permitted the authors to conduct the study and it was

approved by the Institutional Review Board of Rutgers New Jersey Medical School. The

second principle is minimization of risks of harm to participants. The research did not subject

the students to any sort of harm since it was purely based on observation, data collection and

analysis. The third principle is that participation of in research should be voluntary. As stated

EFFECTS OF NIGHTTIME MESSAGING ON PEFORMANCE 4

in the document, the students were informed that participation was strictly voluntary and

without compensation or repercussions.

7. In Table 1 the authors provide values for the mean and the standard error for the variable

sleep duration. Explain what standard error is. Provide the value of the sample standard

deviation for sleep duration measured from 12th grade male participants. Round your answer

to 3 decimal places. What is the margin of error for a 95% confidence level?

Standard error is a statistical measure of accuracy of an estimate of a population. It is

equivalent to the standard deviation of the population. The standard deviation of the sleep

duration of male participants in the 12th grade is 0.11a. At 95% confidence level, the margin

of error can be calculated as;

For 95% confidence interval, Z0.975=1.96; the margin error=0.11*1.96=0.2156

8. Comment on whether there was a significant difference in sleep duration between female

students in different grades. Indicate the type of statistical test performed. Explicitly write the

type (z, t, or F) and value of the test statistic and state the P-value.

An ANOVA test was carried out to determine the interaction between the variables.

According to the outcome, there was no significant difference in sleep duration among female

students of different grades (F3, 769=2.22, P=0.9)

9. An anonymous questionnaire was given to the students during “homeroom” or “zero period”.

What type of bias is a possible consequence of conducting a questionnaire during

“homeroom”. Be specific, name the type of bias and explain why you believe it might occur

in this situation. Use the researchers own comments to support your claims.

The questionnaire would be exposed to sponsor bias since the respondents will know or

suspect the sponsor of the research. Hence, the views of the respondents on the sponsoring

EFFECTS OF NIGHTTIME MESSAGING ON PEFORMANCE 5

organization’s mission or core beliefs might influence how they answer all questions related

to the brand.

10. Briefly summarize the conclusions of this paper.

The students who reported longer duration of messaging after lights were out were more

likely to report a shorter sleep duration, higher rate of daytime sleepiness and poor academic

performance. Hence, nighttime messaging affects the academic performance of the students

and daytime sleepiness.

EFFECTS OF NIGHTTIME MESSAGING ON PEFORMANCE 6

Reference

Grover, K., Pecor, K., Malkowski, M., Kang, L., Machado, S., Lulla, R., … Ming, X. (2016).

Effects of Instant Messaging on School Performance in Adolescents. Journal of Child

Neurology, 31(7), 850-857. doi:10.1177/0883073815624758

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