Electrical Vehicles Fast Charging Network

Electrical Vehicles Fast Charging Network1

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Electrical Vehicles Fast Charging Network2

Contents

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Electric Vehicle Operations ............................................................................................................ 3

Charging of the Vehicles ............................................................................................................. 3

Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................... 6

History of Electrical Vehicle Fast Charging Network .................................................................... 7

Electric locomotives .................................................................................................................... 9

Golden age................................................................................................................................. 10

Limitations Electrical Vehicles ..................................................................................................... 11

Trends in Electrical Vehicle Charging systems ............................................................................ 12

Role of Governments in Electric Vehicle ..................................................................................... 15

The future of Electric Vehicle and fast Charging Network .......................................................... 17

Electrical Vehicles Fast Charging Network3

Introduction

The electric vehicle fast charging network refers to a charging system for the

infrastructure that enables electric infrastructure to recharge(Dong et al .2014, pp.440. It is a

technology that is gaining popularity in Russia, Europe, and the entire world. However, the

method has generated discussions on its operations and safety measures during its operations.

This paper, therefore, is a literature review for the electric vehicle fast-charging network in

Europe, as well as, its developments in the best parts of the world. The focus will be on the

trends of the EV fast charging vehicles across the world, the specific countries where it has been

applied and its applications across the world. The paper also seeks to look into the new system in

relation to the history of the development of the infrastructure and the works across the world.

Electric Vehicle Operations

Charging of the Vehicles

The electric vehicle operates by rechargeable systems. The systems can be recharged

over time and consist of two methods that ensure that safety measures are followed. The two

sensors are the current sensors and the additional physical wire sensors. To several electric

vehicles there exist charging stations that work by charging the electric vehicles, however, the

individual vehicle needs to have its own individual charging system. Current sensors in the

Electrical Vehicles Fast Charging Network4

vehicles work by monitoring the consumption of power within the system of the vehicle. It also

works by maintaining the range that is already determined. In the current sensor, the sensors

work by having the fast reaction to the changes that occur in the system.

The current sensors in the electric vehicles work by using standard sensors, alternatively,

the current sensors can provide an extra power(Denton,2017). The sensors are easy to design

according to the engineers; they are also easy to use. Additional physical wires in the sensors

function by giving signals. The signals work by using several underpins plugs to it. The charging

systems consist of different levels from level 1 to level 3(Zheng et al.2015, pp 65). Level one is

the application of a house charging system to electric vehicles. Level 1 takes a longer to fully

charge an electric car, however, when the level one has fully charged the electric vehicle it only

moves over a very short distance.

Level 2 charging system has the same similarity as the level 1 charging in that it uses the

same household appliances. Both level 1 and level 2 charging exhibit similarities in the manner

in which they apply the household appliances. Level 2 charging system falls from the chargers

that the consumers can get and install in their own garage. An example of the level 2 charging

system includes the charging systems which are sold in public spaces. Level 2 chargers can

charge the batteries for an estimated period of 4 hours minimum charging hours to maximum

charging hours of 6 hours.

Level 2 chargers are put in places that are the endpoints such that the vehicle drivers can

charge their batteries during the time when they are working or when they are engaged in any

other activity that takes time. The charger level 2 are known for their flexibility and reliability in

use compared to level 1 charging system. In comparison charger level 1, the level 2 chargers do

Electrical Vehicles Fast Charging Network5

not take much time to completely charge the car batteries and when they charge the vehicles can

move a relatively longer distance compared to charger level 1 charged batteries. Level 2 chargers

were designed to address the problems and inefficiencies of charger level 1 chargers. It was an

improvement of level one charger in terms of the time taken to charge the batteries to its full

capacity and in terms of flexibility.

Level 2 chargers have paved way for the level 3 chargers. This charger is a fast charging

system and is known to support larger battery systems. It supports up to 500 volts batteries in its

charging capacity. The type of plug that level 3 uses is known as the 480 V plug which has

lowered the charging system to up to a record of 30 minutes. Other systems are also made to

charge the batteries at the rate of 20 minutes(Philipsen et al.2016,pp119). Level three charging

systems have charging stations just like level 1 and level 2.Another method that has been used to

classify the charging system of batteries is the classification on the basis of modes. This includes

mode 1, mode 2, mode 3, and mode 4.The principle that guides this classification system is the

charging phase. Mode one charges with a single to three charging system. Mode 4 is a fast

charging system which applies a special charger technology.

There exist four main plugging systems that include type 1, type 2, type 3, and type 4

charging plugs. Type 1 charging plug represents a single phase charging plug. It has specified

charger specifications. Type 2 charging plug has a single-phase to three-phase charging vehicle.

Type 3 and type four chargers are single to three phase and fast coupler chargers respectively.

However, type 3 chargers are equipped with safety shutters while type 4 is fast charge coupler

materials which function by employing special purposes and fittings. The classifications are

based on the standards and the safety that is linked to the charging systems.

Electrical Vehicles Fast Charging Network6

There are also combined charging systems which apply the communication lines together

with two charging lines attached to it. There are charger type 1 and charger type 2 combined

together that makes the system to become a combined system. This has been considered the best

charging system as it complements one another.One charging failure is complemented by the

second charging failure. The combined system has been known as the combo charging systems.

The combo systems are combo 1 and combo 2. However, the choice that is made in the form of

Combo 1 and Combo 2 varies according to countries. Different countries have different codes on

what they consider for their combinations.

The residential system also operates on four modes. The mode 1, mode 2, mode 3, and

mode 4.The first mode is for domestic sockets and extension codes. In this mode, the vehicle has

a direct connection on to the power grid. The second mode is a mode which involves domestic

socket, as well as, a cable with at least a protection device. In this mode, the vehicles are

connected to the main power sockets in the households but there is a connection via a household

cable socket(Wu et al.2015,pp77). The third mode is where there exists a specified socket under

which the vehicle is connected. The fourth mode is where there is a direct connection which is to

ensure that there is a fast recharging.

Infrastructure

The charging stations designed for the electric vehicles need small infrastructural

development in where they are used. This provides a new alternative to the petrol stations and

fueling centers which use more space in developing countries. The charging stations can,

therefore, fit into an existing electrical grid, as well as, homes with recharging the batteries as

viable options. In the United States, more than half of vehicle owners prefer the electric system

Electrical Vehicles Fast Charging Network7

owing to the fact that it covers small space compared to fuel-dependent infrastructures. However,

long-distance drives that exist between two cities or different towns then require a link between

public charging stations, as well as, a secondary method applied to extend different sets of

electric cars which proceed beyond the daily commute of the vehicles. At this level there exists a

challenge in that the infrastructure has some level of demand: There is a possibility of designing

an isolated charging station to be located along any busy highway that will attract several

customers to the recharging centers to charge. The introduction of a charging station along busy

highways will attract more customers who would be willing to even spend in order to charge

their vehicles(Naor et al.2015,pp26). However, the problem will have to arise if every vehicle

that must pass through the station must stop at some point with the intention of charging before

proceeding to complete the trips. This is similar to the problems that have been faced by the fuel-

dependent vehicles that had to stop at petrol stations in order to refuel.

The charging time of the electric vehicles varies from 30 minutes to few hours.The time is also a

factor of the capacity of the batteries, as well as, the charging power. The two factors may work

by increasing the time for charging the vehicles or alternatively significantly lower the charging

time for the vehicles. It is estimated that when a battery is full changes at about 20 kilowatts then

the vehicle can last for about 100 miles. However, the monotony of electric vehicles depends on

the models of the same vehicle. Vehicle design also counts in the monotony of the vehicle after

charging the vehicle battery.

History of Electrical Vehicle Fast Charging Network

Today, the technology is applied in several countries owing to its ability to recharge

electric vehicles. Most European countries, as well as, American countries have the technology.

Electrical Vehicles Fast Charging Network8

The technology can be traced to the first appearance of electric vehicles. The vehicles first

appeared in the 19th century. The electric vehicles can be identified with the characteristics that

are associated with high speed, and low costs of operations leading to lower expenses in

operating the vehicles. The new technology went against the common vehicles that have been

known to have high costs of operations while having speeds which are considered low top speed,

and the battery considered to be of short range(Morrissey et al.2016,pp257). The internal

combustion of the vehicles then led to the decrease in the use of the vehicles then. Today,

electric vehicles have been modeled to be used in a manner in the form of electric trains.

There has been a growing concern about the environmental degradation due to emissions

by the vehicles which have been used. The degradations to the environment have been due to the

emission of hydrocarbons when the fuels are used. The electric vehicles are, therefore, be

thought of as a clean form of energy to the vehicles. During the first years of 21st century, there

was an increased interest in the manufacture of electric vehicles, as well as, other vehicles that

would act as alternatives to the conventional fuel vehicles. The fuel vehicles use was also linked

to some health hazards that have led to growing concerns about their applicability. The increased

concerns on the dangers of the fuel-driven vehicles have prompted continued research on the

possibility of having vehicles that can use electricity and can reduce the problems that are linked

with hydrocarbon emissions. Today, engineers are working towards achieving an

environmentally friendly vehicular system that is fast in speed and can operate at very low

operational costs. This has then addressed the growing concerns of emissions of hydrocarbons

while at the same time reducing the costs that are involved in using the vehicles including the

maintenance costs of the vehicles.

Electrical Vehicles Fast Charging Network9

Today, different governments across the world are investing heavily in the research

towards achieving the vehicular control that can be sustainable in the current environment.

Several European governments, as well as, American governments are working towards

achieving independent electric vehicles that are fast in nature and have fast charging networks.

Countries which are making fundamental strides in the realization of the free electrical vehicles

include Japan, Germany, Russia, and United States among other world countries.

The first electric vehicle can, however, be linked to different Individuals. During the 19

century, Anyos Jedlik invented what has been considered as the first electric car. This happened

in the year 1828. Other individuals who are linked with the manufacture of electric model cars

are Thomas Davenport from Vermont who followed 6 years later. However, Davenport's model

operated in a short distance by a circular angular motion. The vehicle by Davenport was

electrified. In Netherlands two scholars, Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of Groningen and

Christopher Becker came up with an electric car which consisted of non-rechargeable cells.

Electric locomotives

The first locomotive can be traced back to 1837. The vehicle was made by Robert

Davidson. This vehicle used batteries that consisted of galvanized cells. Davidson who built the

first locomotive then worked towards building the second locomotive which was considered

larger than the first locomotive. The second locomotive measured an approximated 7,100

kilograms and had a load capacity measured to be 6,100 Kilograms(Poullikkas, 2017,pp1277).

The speed of the vehicle was then 6.4 kilometers per hour. There were other subsequent

inventions by other people that happened between 1832 and 1839. In Scotland; Robert Anderson

Electrical Vehicles Fast Charging Network10

also came up with what has been considered as a crude electrical vehicle. The main idea was to

increase the vehicular speed of the vehicles.

The other early inventions include two wheel cycles that were electrically powered that

was invented in 1867. France and the United Kingdom then supported mass developments

recorded in the manufacture of electric vehicles were the first nations to support the widespread

development of electric vehicles. Germany built its first electric vehicle in 1888; the vehicle was

designed and built by Andreas Flocken. Electric trains have also been part of the changes in

transport.Just before the use of internal combustion engines, the electric automobiles were also

known for their high speed and long distance traveled. The most obvious of these changes in

speed and distance was the new speed record estimated to be100 kilometers per hour which

happened on the 29

of April, 1899. The record was held by Camille Jenatzy(Neubauer et

al.2015).

The United States developed its first electric vehicle around 1890 to 1891. The vehicle

was designed and developed by William Morrison from Des Moines in Iowa. This vehicle had a

passenger capacity of six passengers. The speed of the vehicle stood at 23 kilometers per hour. In

the year 1895, consumers had a taste of the electric vehicle that had been developed earlier on.

Mass productions of the vehicles started in 1910. This marked a deviation from earlier

conventional vehicles.

Golden age

The golden age in electric vehicles started in the periods between 1890 and the early 20

century. Interest in motor vehicles increased greatly in the late 1890s and early 1900s(Jing et

al.2016). During the 19

century, there was an electric battery-powered taxi in the United States.

Electrical Vehicles Fast Charging Network11

This period marked the most essential period in the development of electric vehicles in the

United States and in the best parts of the world. The golden age of the technology was marked by

changes in the technology and the rechargeable technology across the world. Several inventions

were made in Europe and America. The vehicles were now fast and did not consume much fuel.

The golden age also came at a point where the world was in transition in terms of

economy. The properties that had been checked in the changes include the speed of the vehicles,

the internal combustion of the engines, emission, and the maintenance required. The technology

has, however, been supported by various other technologies. The electrified vehicles continue to

undergo changes in the world today. This is part of the electrical advancement in modern

technology that seeks to replace the fuel-dependent vehicles that have been taken to pollute the

environment.

Limitations Electrical Vehicles

The limitation exists on the mode of connections to the residential charging systems. The

first mode of residential charging, mode 1, has several limitations which include the heating of

the cables, the second limitations arise from the injuries that may be due to installations of the

appliances. Mode 1 is also associated with the tripping of the circuit breaker. The limitations are

mostly connected to the safety measures and control systems. The limitations are also connected

with the presence of power and the level of power that is used in charging the car batteries. The

systems operate in such a way that it utilizes much energy in the process of recharging. Several

vehicles will consume power that affects other operations in different industries.

Electrical Vehicles Fast Charging Network12

Trends in Electrical Vehicle Charging systems

The Electrical Vehicle charging system is common in developed countries. The

developed countries are mostly European countries and the American states. The EV is

developed in such a way that it promotes clean environment by reducing the emissions of

hydrocarbons in the environment. Hydrocarbons are the compounds of carbons that have a

detrimental effect on the environment. In European countries, the countries which are identified

with the electrical vehicles include Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, and the even United

Kingdom. The Republic of Russia has also been developing EV and charging networks. This is

majorly due to the advantages that are derived from the electric vehicle and their charging

networks.

The electric Vehicle system has been undergoing several changes, it has gone through

several ages. From the basic age where the electric vehicles went round and covered short

distances to the present where the electric vehicles are complex. Today, the mass production of

electric vehicles is set to increase. Between 2017 to 2027, the production of the vehicles is set to

increase across the world owing to the campaigns that have been put forth aimed at protecting

the environment. Different countries hold different reasons why they participate in the vehicular

manufacture

Electrical Vehicles Fast Charging Network13

Figure 1

Figure 1 shows the electric vehicle’s impact on different energy mixes. According to the

chart gasoline vehicles have very high consumption of energy fuels compared to the electric

vehicles. This, therefore, implies that gasoline dependent vehicles are likely to produce carbon

dioxide compared to the electric vehicles. Electric vehicles, on the other hand, do not use the

hydrocarbons and, therefore, do not produce the oxides of carbon. The figure above shows

different countries and their use of different design vehicles that include gasoline dependent

vehicles and electric vehicles. These vehicles are then responsible for determining how clean the

environment gets. As a matter of policy, governments regulate the use of the vehicles in order to

maintain the cleanliness of the environment, as well as, as part of international obligations in the

treaties and conventions signed by the governments.

Figure 2

Electrical Vehicles Fast Charging Network14

Figure 2 compares electric cars to other vehicles in the energy consumption. This graph

considers the variety of energy that is used by the vehicles when transporting an individual over

a distance of 100 Kilometers. Petrol car will transport one person using an energy that is

estimated to be 80 kilowatts over a distance of 100 kilometers. The gasoline dependent-car has

the highest consumption of power compared to other vehicles. This is then followed by

hydrogen-fueled cars, jet planes, and electric cars in that order. The higher the energy consumed

the higher the costs involved in the transport. This graph, therefore, considers several factors

including the sustainability of the energy and the use of the energy.

Figure 3

Electrical Vehicles Fast Charging Network15

Figure 3 analyzes electric vehicles based on the markets. It compares Germany, China,

Japan, and United Kingdom among others. These are majorly industrialized societies in either

Europe or Asia. The graph reveals that Europe has the largest markets for the electric vehicles.

This is due to the conscious efforts by the European governments to institute policies that aimed

at protecting the environment. The electric vehicles have also gained prominence in these regions

due to their mass manufacture.

Role of Governments in Electric Vehicle

The government one single body that functions by regulating industrial activities within

its jurisdictions. Governments have tried to control the spread and use of electric vehicles

through different policies. Different governments also enter into treaties with other governments.

The treaties being legally binding. The government also set the standards which go a long way in

determining the operations of the vehicles and standards for setting up of charging stations. The

physical planning standards in the establishment of the standards are also essential role played by

Electrical Vehicles Fast Charging Network16

the governments. Governments also provide several incentives which are essentially ensuring

that there is the production of the electric vehicles and distribution of the vehicles.

Governments provide incentives for the plug-in electric vehicles which are considered

hybrid vehicles. The incentives are established by different national governments, as well as, the

local governments across the world. The financial incentives are advanced to the plug-in electric

vehicle to the users of the vehicles. The incentives chiefly consist of the tax exemptions, as well

as, tax credits. There are also additional perks to the incentives that consist of access to bus lines

and the waivers that are given on fees which include the charging, parking lot fees waiver, and

tolls fee waiver. The amount that is advanced to the waivers is factors of battery size, as well as,

the vehicle all-electric range. In some countries, there are extended benefits advanced to fuel the

cell vehicles, and electric cars in the sense of conversions of hybrid electric vehicles, as well as,

the traditional internal combustion engine vehicles.

The world's overall consumption of energy in each of the sector is given by a figure

standing at 9,426 Million tonnes of oil as at 2014. The tonnage consists of 28% of the oil that

goes to the transportation while the rest is used in other sectors of the economy. There are still

23% of the energy that goes into greenhouse gases which can also be directly linked to the

transport sector. The electrification of transport systems has led to opportunities for governments

to reduce the rate at which the greenhouse gases are emitted into the environment. The

governments are, therefore, working towards developing policies which are geared towards the

reduction of the emissions from hydrocarbon combustion.

The next generation of vehicles, those vehicles that include the electric vehicles , as

well as, those vehicles that are considered fuel cell vehicles, vehicles that are plug-in hybrids,

Electrical Vehicles Fast Charging Network17

and the vehicles that are considered to be hybrid electric vehicles, and any other vehicles that are

considered to use clean system will get tax exemptions that include exemption from acquisition

tax and the tonnage taxes. The reduction and exemption from taxes is a conscious method of

ensuring that the vehicles that are in use promote the protection of the environment.

There are several incentives that include the automobile tax reductions, incentives that

are advanced to individuals for purchasing a green vehicle, and automobile tax reductions. Users

buying new generation electric vehicles, like fuel cell vehicles, are to benefit from a tax

reduction on the annual automobile tax. There is also a Subsidy that is made when a customer

makes a purchase of an environmentally green vehicle. The incentives differ from one country to

the next. The governments create a working environment by policies. The working environment

in a way in which the electric vehicles and the green means of transport can thrive.

It is also the role of governments to build the infrastructures and utilities which are

essential in the operations in any given country. Both the local authorities and the national

authorities work with the objective of controlling services and providing basic services in the

transport sector. Governments are central to the operations that promote the enjoyment of

services in a country. Governments are responsible for the creation of environments which are

conducive to the businesses. The opening of the environments that businesses can work depends

on its infrastructures and policies. The governments also subsidize the electric vehicles.

The future of Electric Vehicle and fast Charging Network

Based on the trends of governments and production of the vehicles in mass, there is

bound to be an increase in electric vehicle and fast charging network. The government is

Electrical Vehicles Fast Charging Network18

working by day to promote clean power. The governments are enacting legislation and pieces of

laws that are aimed at protecting the environment through the use of clean energy. This is bound

to increase the use of the electric vehicles and improvement of infrastructures and utilities that

are connected with the electric vehicles. The world is also undergoing changes in terms of

technology and inventions. The next generation of vehicles will be due to an increase in research

and activities that promote innovations.

The world is in a need of systems that do not pollute environments and besides are having

a low cost in maintenance and operations while at the same time has high speed. The new

generation vehicles will integrate features that will make them reduce the power that is taken by

the vehicles while at the same time improve on the reduction of accidents. The property of the

new vehicle is likely to work in favor of the electric vehicles. Just before the introduction of a

new system, the modern electric vehicles must be used and that must apply all the activities.

Europe will continue to provide the largest market for the new vehicles, this is because the

population structure in this region consists of individuals who can comfortably buy the vehicles

based on the new technologies.

Electrical Vehicles Fast Charging Network19

References

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Morrissey, P., Weldon, P. and O’Mahony, M., 2016. Future standard and fast charging

infrastructure planning: An analysis of electric vehicle charging behavior. Energy Policy,

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Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)).

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Zheng, C., Lai, J.S., Chen, R., Faraci, W.E., Zahid, Z.U., Gu, B., Zhang, L., Lisi, G. and

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