Energy Management And Nzeb

NZEB 1

ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND NZEB

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Course

Name of professor

School

City

Date

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Table of Contents

Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 5

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 6

Importance of NZEBs ..................................................................................................................... 6

Drawbacks of NZEB ....................................................................................................................... 7

Why NZEBs matter......................................................................................................................... 8

The components of a typical NZEB.............................................................................................. 10

I) Energy Producers ................................................................................................................... 10

A) Photovoltaic .......................................................................................................................... 10

B) Wind Generator ........................................................................................................................ 11

C) Electricity Grid...................................................................................................................... 12

II) Energy Consumers ................................................................................................................ 12

A) Domestic Load ...................................................................................................................... 12

B) PHEV .................................................................................................................................... 12

III) Energy Manager, Power Electronic Appliances, and Batteries ........................................... 13

A) Batteries ................................................................................................................................ 13

C) Power Electronic Appliances ................................................................................................ 13

D) Energy Manager.................................................................................................................... 14

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IV) Environmental & Economic Factors ................................................................................... 14

A) Solar Factor ........................................................................................................................... 15

B) Wind Factor .......................................................................................................................... 15

C) Price of Electricity ................................................................................................................ 15

Energy Management Strategies .................................................................................................... 15

Grid-Connection ........................................................................................................................... 15

Building Niche Development ....................................................................................................... 17

I) High performance ................................................................................................................... 19

II) Building features ................................................................................................................... 19

III) Heat recovery ....................................................................................................................... 19

Use of the REC (Renewable Energy Certificates) ........................................................................ 20

Automation of the NZEBs ............................................................................................................ 20

a) Central automation of energy components ............................................................................ 21

b) Monitoring & feedback automation ...................................................................................... 21

c) Automated load-shifting and the storage management.......................................................... 21

d) Automation for thermal comfort............................................................................................ 21

Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 24

References ..................................................................................................................................... 26

NZEB 4

NZEB 5

Energy Management and NZEB

Abstract

There has been an increased concern over the energy consumptions in the world. Various

sources of energy have been being used over the past decades. The fossil fuels have been

challenged by the pollution as well as increased impacts such as global warming and climatic

changes. The demand for energy has been increasing, however, the availability of energy has

become costly due to depletion of the non-renewable sources. The alternative energies such as

the RES such as the solar energy and the wind energy has been proposed. The building sector has

been affected by the increased energy demand, The NZEB (Net Zero Energy Building) has been

introduced as the new architectural designs for the building. The NZEB is a building design

whereby the amount of energy consumed annually equals the amount of onsite produced energy.

The energy management in the NZEB involved the use of the grid connections, the REC

(renewable energy certificates), building environment niche, and N+NZEB technology. Some

countries have embraced the NZEB technology as a building and construction technology. For

instance, the European states have formed the energy commissions that regulate the compliance

of NZEB requirements by member states. The NZEB technology is a relevant tool for reducing

the energy consumption as well as environmental impact of the non-renewable energy sources.

Keywords: NZEB (Net Zero Energy Building), N+NZEB (Nearly Net Zero Energy Building),

REC (renewable energy certificates), wind turbines, Photovoltaic array.

NZEB 6

Introduction

Over the past couples of decades, there has been a significant depletion of the fossil fuels

in the world. Consequently, the energy sources have become more drained as opposed to the

previous years. Following this observation, there have been increased concerns about the efforts

to increase the provision of energy as well as the efficiency of the energy technologies. The

studies have shown that the domestic energy consumption in the world is about 40%. Over the

years, the renewable energy sources have been perceived as a vital alternative to the fossil fuels.

The future holds a promising application of the building technology that generates electricity

from the renewable resources harnessed from the buildings. In the future building, the buildings

will be self-sustaining as far as energy is concerned. The new building referred to as the (NZEB)

Net-Zero Energy Building the net energy in a year is zero. The annual net-zero energy means

that the new buildings will produce exactly as much or more energy as its annual consumption.

The energy application and production in the NZEB is associated with extensive research in the

planning, prediction as well as efficiency of such building. In this paper, a grid-connectivity

strategy for the NZEB has been outlined to enable the design optimization concerning the cost of

the system as well as the availability of the resources (Saberbari & Saboori, 2014, p.35).

Importance of NZEBs

Environmentalists all over the world have raised concern over the global warming as a

result of the greenhouse effect. The buildings also contribute to the amount of carbon dioxide

emitted into the atmosphere from the combustion of fossil fuels. The NZEB uses the green

energy approach; the emission-free energy such as wind energy and solar are used in the

provision of energy. The energy is produced within the NZEB hence the costs of transmission

NZEB 7

are limited. The NZEB technology is a significant strategy in a bid to lower the pollution as a

result of the carbon dioxide emission.

The NZEB is a multifaceted value creation avenue. The NZEBs are expected to

revolutionize the competitive advantages in the architecture as people approach towards the

future of building technology. The value of properties such as land, industrial plant or residential

building would improve with embracement of the NZEB technology. The market risks are

supposed to be mitigated with the introduction of the NZEBs. For instance, the increased energy

costs will be reduced when NZEBs are used. Moreover, since the NZEB utilize safe energy, the

welfare and health of the inhabitants are promoted. For instance, the respiratory diseases from

the smokes are eliminated in the NZEBs. The NZEB technology saves money; there is about

60% to 90% energy efficiency in the NZEBs. Using the NZEB architectural designs saves

money over the whole life cycle of buildings; the energy maintenance costs are brought down.

Moreover, the application of the NZEB technology is educational. The people who participate in

design, construction and maintenance of an NZEB gain important knowledge in the energy

management and energy efficiencies.

Drawbacks of NZEB

Although the concept of the NZEB seeks to reduce the average net energy per annum, it

faces some drawbacks. There exist times when the NZEB will need the support of the grid

connection to provide energy. The renewable energy sources have reliability problems; there are

fluctuations in the capacity of the RES to produce adequate energy. When the RES become

unreliable, the NZEB depends on the electricity grid whereby the efficiency of its components is

compromised. Moreover, the efficiency of the NZEB depends on the behavior of the inhabitants.

The energy management strategies depend on the energy consumption behaviors of the

NZEB 8

inhabitants. There are no hard set rules as to how energy is supposed to be used. There is the

need to embrace the ways that can reduce the impact of these drawbacks.

Why NZEBs matter

The global consumption of energy in the world has been increasing. The 2013 survey by

the IEO (International Energy Outlook) outlined a likely increase in the global energy

consumption as indicated in figure 1.

Figure 1: Global energy consumption (Saberbari & Saboori, 2014, p.35).

The global energy consumption increases from 524 quadrillions Btu (2010) to a projected 630

quadrillion Btu (2020). Further projections show that in 2040, the global energy consumption

will have hit 800 quadrillions Btu. The increase translates to 56% rise in every 30 years and

demands for a strategic reduction in the energy consumption.

The fossil fuels contributed to most of the global energy consumption. The fossil fuels

are one of the most harmful sources of energy. The global warming and consequent climatic

changes are driven by the carbon dioxide emission related to the fossil fuels. The renewable

energy sources contributed to 11% of the global energy source in 2013 (as seen in figure 2).

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However, the fossil fuels contributed to about 90% of the global energy sources. Because the

fossil fuels are responsible for the increase in the global surface temperatures as a result of the

greenhouse effect; there is a need to lower their use. The domestic energy consumption totaled to

about 40%. Out of the 40% energy consumption, the fossil fuels contributed to about 30%;

meaning that the emission of gases and the subsequent greenhouse effect was high.

Figure 2: Global Energy Sources in 2013 (Saberbari & Saboori, 2014, p.35).

The energy consumption from the electricity in a typical building is about 70%. About

35% of the electricity used in the building is generated far away and then transmitted using

wires. To curb the problems of high energy demand and transmission, the proposed future

building (NZEB) will be designed to offer high energy efficiency. Moreover, the integration of

the renewable sources will promote the energy generation in the NZEB. The NZEB targets to

save about 40% energy because of the energy efficient design as well as utilization of the

renewable energy sources. The propose NZEB design offers the production of energy that is later

stored in the ESS (Energy Storage Systems) as indicated in figure 3.

NZEB 10

Figure 3: The Architecture of the Electrical System for the new NZEB (Saberbari & Saboori,

2014, p.36).

The components of a typical NZEB

Energy Producers

The energy producers involve the mechanisms and devices used in the production of all

the energies needed by the NZEB. The wind turbine and the photovoltaic cells are

complementary sources of energy for an NZEB. In the summer, the photovoltaic cell which

operates on solar energy becomes valuable. However, during the winter, the model functions on

the wind generator. However, in the absence of both solar and wind, the electricity grid supplies

the NZEB with energy.

Photovoltaic

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The average capacity of a photovoltaic cell for use in a domestic house is about 4kW.

The cost of a 4kW PV in the United States is about $6,000-$9,000. The following equation

expresses the power output for a photovoltaic array;

  

Where  stands for the solar radiation in (Kw/m

),  is the effective surface area of the

photovoltaic array in (m

), and  represents the efficiency of the photovoltaic with relation to

the power adapters. The average cost of a typical PV for the domestic NZEB is about $7000 due

to maintenance costs for dusting and replacement of the stationary components.

Wind Generator

When the nominal wind speed is available (the wind speed between the highest and the

lowest speed), the power output for a typical wind turbine is expressed by the following

equation;

  





















Where  stands for the wind density (m/s), 



represents the sweep area in (m

),  is the

velocity of the wind in (m/s), 



refers to the power coefficient of the turbine and 



stands for

the overall efficiency of the wind generator and the power conversion. The 



is frequently

expressed as a function of the rotor speed ratio (TSR), and the theoretical value is 0.59. The 



significantly influenced by the type of wind turbine employed. The size of the wind turbine and

the mounting method used influences the 



value as well as the power output. The average

energy output from a typical domestic wind turbine is about 6kW. The estimated cost of a

domestic wind turbine (6kW) is between $20,000 and $30,000. The proposed NZEB is expected

NZEB 12

to use an average 3kW wind turbine that would cost roughly $12,000. If the turbine is well

maintained, and well connected, it is expected to serve for 20 years, with a maintenance cost of

$100 per annum.

Electricity Grid

The energy supply from the photovoltaic array and the wind turbine generator fluctuates

with time. The electricity grid is needed to supply the necessary energy in the NZEB in case the

renewable sources are insufficient. Moreover, the electricity grid is necessary for the distribution

of the energy surplus from the NZEB. Therefore, the NZEB users benefit from the backup

electricity that has zero emission.

Energy Consumers

Just as the other houses the NZEB also uses the home appliances that consume electricity

such as the computers, lighting, and heating system.

Domestic Load

The energy consumption by the domestic lighting and the home appliances are classified

as the household load. The inhabitants have a personal energy consumption due to the usage of

the domestic lighting and appliances. An estimated domestic load is averaged at 18.1kWh daily

for the NZEB.

PHEV

The PHEV refers to the rechargeable electronic devices. The studies have indicated that

the PHEVs need to be charged during the of peak electric consumption scenarios. For instance,

the electrical consumption at night is relatively low hence it is a favorable moment for charging

NZEB 13

the PHEVs. In the NZEBs, the PHEVs are charged using the stored energy and therefore, saves

on the energy consumption. Most of the PHEVs ran on a lithium-ion battery and charged from a

240V outlet. The daily electrical consumption from the PHEVs is about 3.5kWh.

Energy Manager, Power Electronic Appliances, and Batteries

The energy from the renewable energy sources is unpredictable and erratic. The erratic

nature of the RES affects the planning as well as the effectiveness of the NZEBs. The energy

storage systems are significant parts of the NZEB because they promote availability and

reliability of energy.

Batteries

The energy produced from the sporadic solar energy is stored in the batteries. The

batteries operate as DC apparatus for the source of electricity. The batteries used in the NZEB

needs to produce enough output for use in the NZEB. The standard battery for domestic energy

should have a storage capacity of 6V or 2.76kWh. The following equation calculates the energy

storage for a battery;











 













 













 













Where 



and 



represent the number of the functioning turbines, 



is the arrays, while

 refers to the total time that the turbines are providing the energy. The replacement costs for

the batteries is estimated at $400 per year. The stationary nature of the batteries allows for the

maintenance cost to be estimated as zero.

Power Electronic Appliances

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Following the advanced technology in electronics, the power electronic devices can be

applied as adaptors. There are also the smart devices fitted with microprocessors used for

increasing the reliability of electric systems. In the NZEB model the electronic power devices

include the rectifiers, inverters as well as adaptors.

Energy Manager

The energy produced, stored or used needs to be measured. The measurements of the

energy are necessary for monitoring the efficiency, consumption rate as well as management.

The energy management system in the NZEB is illustrated in figure 4.

Figure 4: Energy management system in an NZEB (Saberbari & Saboori, 2014, p.36).

Environmental & Economic Factors

NZEB 15

Solar Factor

There are different levels of solar energy across the world. There are several types of

research conducted to determine the average global solar profile that offers the efficient as well

as reliable energy. In the simulations, the average solar profile relevant for NZEBs is 2.125

kWh/m2/d. The solar energy is sporadic; however, the highest solar profile is estimated in June.

Therefore, the maximum performance of the PV is highest during June.

Wind Factor

The annual wind reports obtained from different parts of the world indicate a

heterogeneous pattern in the wind energy. The average wind profile for use in the NZEB has

been studied. There has been a selected set of climates that give the effective speed and

frequency of the wind. The reliability of the wind speed and strength determines the dependence

of the NZEB on the electricity grid.

Price of Electricity

The NZEB is supposed to be connected to the electricity grid, for this reason, there is a

cost incurred due to the use of the electricity from the grid. The annual cost of the electricity in a

typical NZEB is estimated at $2,699. The cost of electricity depends on the reliability of the solar

and wind energy. Moreover, the cost of electricity is affected by the maintenance of the NZEB

components since during the maintenance, the energy from the RES may be temporarily

unavailable.

Energy Management Strategies

Grid-Connection

NZEB 16

The simulations involving the NZEB with three sources of energy has been proposed as

the most efficient. In addition to the PV arrays and the Wind generators/turbines, the proposed

NZEB has a third source of energy as the electricity grid. The architecture, as well as the cost of

the NZEB design, is about $40,843 as indicated in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Architecture and cost of NZEB design (Saberbari & Saboori, 2014, p.39).

The proposed capacity of the wind turbine is 3kW, and the output power of the PV array

is 8kW. The system is connected to a 4kW battery, and two rectifiers and inverter of 4kW each.

Due to the maintenance costs, and the costs of electricity the annualized architectural design has

an 18% increase, as shown in figure 7.

Figure 7: Annualized Architecture and cost of NZEB design (Saberbari & Saboori, 2014, p.39).

Although the RES is free and clean, numerous challenges affect their application. The

reliability of the renewable sources of energy is a major challenge. There are fluctuations of solar

isolation in different parts of the world. Moreover, the availability of the wind varies from one

place to another. The amount of solar radiation and the speed of wind in a particular area also

NZEB 17

fluctuates throughout the year. As a result, the energy obtained from the PV arrays and the wind

turbines also varies. It is, therefore, necessary to connect the NZEBs to an electricity grid to

supplement the RES.

Building Niche Development

The government has a role in the establishment of the NZEB as the future of the building

technology. Some researchers have proposed the application of the GAT (government

assessment tool) in which the government sets the rules and regulations to restrict and motivate

the adoption of the NZEB technology. The regulations on the building companies as well as the

contractors to adopt the energy management and establishment of the NZEBs. The governance

needed is expected to offer support in the organization of the building industry. Also, the

subsidies on the materials needed for NZEBs can be provided. Restriction of the building

technologies such as the elimination of the diesel generators to power buildings is significant.

The government can uses strategies such as reduction of taxes on the renewable energy sources

and NZEB components. Moreover, an increase in the tax for the non-renewable energy

construction equipment is significant (Jain, Hoppe & Bressers, 2017, p. 2-8).

The N+NZEB (Net + Nearly Zero Energy Building)

The NZEB refers to a building whose annual total energy consumption is equal to the

amount of energy it produces from the RES. In addition to the concept of NZEB, the N+NZEB

refers to a high energy performance building. The energy used in the NZEB is produced from

onsite renewable energy sources or nearby areas. The building consumes a reduced amount of

energy and uses small amounts of RES. The energy consumption is computed on a monthly

basis, the energy consumption and production throughout the year is almost equal. However, the

NZEB 18

monthly energy production and consumption may vary. The features of the N+NZEB are

responsible for the following;

-Reduction of domestic energy consumption (cooling, heating, and lighting).

-Enhancement of the energy exploitation.

-Minimization of the auxiliary energy demands.

-Local production of the energy utilized in the building.

The following figure (Figure 8) outlines a typical N+NZEB architecture.

Figure 8: N+NZEB architectural model (Micono & Zanzottera 2015, p.2036).

In the model above, the strength of the building, as well as provision of critical elements for

maintenance of energy are emphasized. The strategies of minimizing the energy consumption as

well as maximizing the efficiency of the NZEB are included. The N+NZEB design has the

following features;

NZEB 19

High performance

The building has thermal insulation with the U-value of 1.0W/m2K. The light

transmittance is averaged at 13% for the first floor and at 36% for the other floors. The building

has a solar control of g=26%, and g=21% for the first floor and other floors respectively. The

design has no thermal bridges.

Building features

The N+NZEB design is compact and has provisions for skylights. It provides the

interactions between the NZEB and the environment. The interaction with the environment helps

the house occupants to understand the environmental conditions and adjust the NZEB

accordingly.

Heat recovery

The building has energy recovery wheels for energy recovery. The global energy

recovery for the wheels is at 70%. The waterside for the winter has a 900kW energy load from

the industrial process. The lighting system includes full-LED (Light emitting diodes) with a

lighting intensity power of 6.6W/m2. Use of the BMS maintains the LED lighting system. There

are building inverters that vary the flow of the fan and the pump. The N+NZEB uses a PV of

585kW, thermal storage, and solar collectors.

All the factors mentioned above have been optimized to realize the interactions between

the minimization of energy loses and total energy consumption. There exists a significant

balance between the energy consumption during specific months and the amount of energy

generated within these months. The energy balance is important in the process of designing the

NZEB 20

size of the NZEB as well as the size of the energy storage devices (Micono & Zanzottera 2015,

p.2035).

Use of the REC (Renewable Energy Certificates)

The RECs are provisions that can be bought as claims of compliance to renewable

energy. Therefore the users voluntarily adhere to the application of the green technology. Within

the building sector, the RECs can be applied as evidence for surpassing the building technology

in which the NZEBs are emphasized. Once the person has satisfied the requirements for a ZEB,

the REC can be given so that the person can track his/her use of the renewable energy. The broad

use of the REC in the NZEBs creates an ‘N-ZEB community ‘whereby all the buildings use

onsite generated renewable energy. The overdependence on the fossil fuels and other non-

renewable energy are expected to lower significantly with the introduction of the renewable

energy certificates (Peterson, Torcellini, & Grant, 2015, p.4-10).

Some countries such as the European states have formed monitoring policies as well as

compliance partnerships that embrace the use of the NZEBs. In the future, the member states are

expected to have only the NZEBs as the architectural designs. Several types of research have

been conducted on the most effective designs and measurements for the efficient NZEB

technology. The governments have supported the initiatives by creating the monitoring

authorities that ensure that the NZEB technology is being implemented (ECOFYS, 2013, p.109)

Automation of the NZEBs

The future of the building technology promised by the NZEBs depends on the application

of the information technology. The ICT in the NZEBs is used for automation for energy

management. The NZEBs require a well-designed automation that ensures that an equilibrium

NZEB 21

exists between the energy produced and the energy consumed. The automation is also important

in the regulation of efficiency and energy losses. The automation in the context of the NZEB is

relevant in the following;

Central automation of energy components

All the internal energy systems ought to be connected to ensure that the entire system

functions with the highest efficiency. The central systems require automation to comply with the

standards of the NZEB requirements in energy management.

Monitoring & feedback automation

Automated monitoring and feedback ensure that the low-energy consumption provided

for by the NZEB is achieved. The automated monitoring and feedback system assist in

following a precisely calculated climatic change establishment. Moreover, the automated

monitoring promotes the saving of energy by the users. Saving energy forms a significant part of

the NZEBs’ efficiency.

Automated load-shifting and the storage management

To increase the efficiency of the renewable energy produced onsite via the PV,

automation is necessary for estimation of storage needs. The automated control of the

components such as cooling and heating is necessary to avoid additional control loads. To avoid

the unnecessary cooling, automation of the coolers at specific temperatures is necessary.

Automation of the load-shifting also important in establishing the stability of the connection grid.

Automation for thermal comfort

NZEB 22

The application of the highly efficient and low reacting NZEB systems such as the floor

heating need automation. The automation can be incorporated in the weather forecasting to

ensure that the thermal equipment function with high precision. The thermal equipment such as

the concrete activators is highly efficient. However, their reaction time is lengthy hence

automation is needed to improve their functionality.

In other words, the automation of the buildings in the NZEBs is important in the energy

management and improvement of their efficiency. All the single components in the NZEBs need

to be connected to the automation systems to improve the management of energy. The primary

energy consumption will be highly reduced via automation. For instance, the automatic

optimization operations will increase the renewable energy as well as monitor the efficiency of

the NZEB at large. From the definition of what constitutes an NZEB, the automation offers

sound criteria for realizing the goals of the NZEB concept. The concept of zero energy loss is

empowered by the real-time reaction to the automation process. For instance, in an automated

NZEB, both the systems and the NZEB building itself are automated. It means energy is

consumed only when necessary, for instance; the room coolers and heaters only operate when

certain temperatures are reached. It means that the automation of the thermal controllers works

closely with the changes in the environment. The energy loses highly reduced, for instance, the

heaters will not operate when it is hot. Unlike the manual operations, the energy consumption

behaviors in the automated NZEBs is controlled. For instance, a security light will not work

during the day in the automated scenario unlike in the manual operation whereby one may forget

or neglect to switch it off.

NZEB 23

Automation is aimed at improvement of the indoor climate. The automation takes the

inhabitants’ actions without necessarily taking over the control. The automation influences the

indoor climate by considering the external environment such as weather conditions.

The NZEB automation also minimizes the demand for energy. The availability of energy

will greatly affect the prices of energy in the future. The market cost for electricity has variations

due to the changes in the amount of production. The cost of electricity has been traditionally

calculated following the low and high peak energy consumptions. Moreover, there is an

increased company that provide reduced tariffs for peak loads such as the heat pumps. The

increased application of the smart grid systems is expected to offer increased flexibility in the

electricity tariffs. Automation of the NZEBs will ensure that the energy from the grid is only

purchased when necessary. Having a controlled dependency on the grid increases the efficiency

of the NZEBs as well as reduce the cost of energy. The automation of the NZEBs will

incorporate the communication and feedback channels that will capture and store significant

information. The users of an automated NZEB can keep track of the energy consumption

behavior, changes in the energy demand and fluctuations in the energy costs. The effective

monitoring of the energy consumption assists the users to make effective decisions concerning

the energy management. For instance, the users can easily tell which month there was highest

energy consumption. Moreover, the users can decide on what equipment to eliminate or improve

in the NZEB system.

Although the energy mentioned above management strategies are crucial, the comfort of

the inhabitants influences the energy consumption in an NZEB. Therefore, the energy usage

behaviors are relevant in the energy management strategies. There is need to use the energy-

saving technology in the NZEB including the low-energy consuming lighting, heating, and

NZEB 24

electronics. The energy consumption behaviors such as the use of hot water should only be

applied when necessary. The energy regulations should comply with the dynamic energy

requirements, changing energy consumption behaviors as well as the weather changes. For

instance, there should be the application of the small-load wireless sensors to detect the

environmental changes within the NZEBs. The wireless sensors are significant in the

determination of the weather changes such as temperature changes.

Conclusion

The renewable energy sources such as the wind power and solar energy can be harnessed

for use in the Net Zero Energy building (NZEB). The NZEB technology offers a promising

future in architectures since it provides for the use of green energy as well as management of the

energy consumption. However, the cost of the NZEB components, as well as maintenance of

energy production, is quite high. The devices used in the productions, storage, and management

of the energy in NZEBs are expensive. The utilization of the Renewable energy in the NZEB is

challenged by fluctuations in the availability of solar and wind energy. The energy consumption

behaviors of the inhabitants also influence the energy management in the NZEBs. For this

reason, there has been numerous research conducted to improve the quality of energy as well as

the reliability of the energy from the renewable sources. The use of the renewable energy has

been emphasized due to the defects in the fossil fuels and other non-renewable energy sources.

The fossil fuels are responsible for carbon dioxide emission that causes the greenhouse effect and

the consequent global warming. Although some countries such as the European states have

embraced the NZEB architecture, others have still not accepted to move to the NZEB

technology. The NZEB offers the opportunity for the reduction of the dependency on the fossil

fuels and hence contribute to a secure environment.

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NZEB 26

References

Carlo Micono, Guido Zanzottera,2015, p. 2035-2036. Energy Modeling for NZEB: a Case-study.

[Online]

Available at: https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1876610215019347/1-s2.0-S1876610215019347-

main.pdf?_tid=c6a33c20-cd0f-11e7-9a30-

00000aab0f6c&acdnat=1511085509_912968bca204c46fcbc9a0cefbda5ba4

[Accessed 18th November 2017].

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