Erythrocyte Profile Report

` 1

Erythrocyte profile report

Name:

Institutional Affiliation:

Date:

Erythrocyte profile report

The erythrocytes also called the red blood cells are the cellular components of the blood,

many of which are in the blood circulation of the vertebrates. The erythrocyte gives the blood its

color, and they also carry the oxygen to the body tissues from the lungs. The mature erythrocyte

is biconcave, round and small in size and they appear to be dumbbell-shaped in their profile. The

erythrocyte is very flexible, and they assume the shape of a bell because it passes through tiny

vessels of the blood. They are covered with a cell membrane which is composed of proteins and

lipids, they lack a nucleus, but they contain hemoglobin which is a red iron-rich protein that is

responsible for binding oxygen

Figure 1 The Red erythrocytes or red blood cells

. Hoffman JF. Red blood cells, compasses and snap shots. Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases. 2018 Mar 21.

. Erythropoiesis: Formation of Red Blood Cells. (2016, December 17). Retrieved from http://www.interactive-

biology.com/3969/erythropoiesis-formation-of-red-blood-cells/

Figure 2 The Red erythrocytes or red blood cells

The red blood cells develop in adult bone marrow or the fetal liver via a process called

erythropoiesis. This process is stimulated by the erythropoietin, cytokine hormone, which is

produced by the kidney following the detection of reduced oxygen level circulation. The main

function of the erythrocytes is binding the oxygen through hemoglobin and carrying it to the

tissues of the body. The erythrocytes are also able to induce vasodilatation by mediating nitric

oxide (NO) bioactivity effects in the diseases such as sepsis and pulmonary hypertension. In

particular, the erythrocytes discharge S-nitrosothiols when hemoglobin particles are

deoxygenated, causing the smooth muscle in the vessels of the blood to relax and elevating the

flow of blood to oxygen-depleted tissues. The erythrocytes can likewise advance vasodilatation

by discharging ATP under states of shear pressure and initiate an insusceptible reaction when

they are lysed by pathogens

The erythrocytes also carry carbon dioxide which is a waste product in the process of

metabolism to the lungs where it is then excreted from the body. In many invertebrates, the

. Erythropoiesis: Formation of Red Blood Cells. (2016, December 17). Retrieved from http://www.interactive-

biology.com/3969/erythropoiesis-formation-of-red-blood-cells/

. Overmann J. Red Blood Cells. Interpretation of Equine Laboratory Diagnostics. 2017 Oct 5:113.

pigment for carrying the oxygen is carried in the plasma the mammalian erythrocyte is

additionally adjusted without a core—the measure of oxygen required by the cell for its digestion

is consequently low, and most oxygen conveyed can be liberated into the tissues. The biconcave

state of the cell permits oxygen trade at a steady rate over the most significant conceivable

territory

The erythrocytes develop in the bone marrow in different stages which starts from

hemocytoblast, which is a multi-potential cell in the mesenchyme which becomes norm oblast

(erythroblast) amid a development period of two to five days. The erythroblast is then gradually

filled with hemoglobin and its nucleus and particles in the cytoplasm, also known as

mitochondria, provide the cells its energy. In a late stage the reticulocyte cell turns into a wholly

developed red cell. The standard red cell in people lives 100– 120 days. There are somewhere in

the range of 5.2 million red cells for every cubic millimeter of blood in the adult human

Human bone marrow

. Singh AK, Singh S, Garg G, Rizvi SI. Rapamycin mitigates erythrocyte membrane transport functions and oxidative

stress during aging in rats. Archives of physiology and biochemistry. 2018 Jan 1;124(1):45-53.

. Pretorius E, Oore-ofe O, Mbotwe S, Bester J. Erythrocytes and their role as health indicator: Using structure in a

patient-orientated precision medicine approach. Blood reviews. 2016 Jul 1;30(4):263-74.

Figure 3 The Human Bone Marrow

Despite the fact that red cells are round in shape, a little extent is oval in the ordinary

individual, and in particular innate states, a greater extent might be oval. A few sicknesses

likewise show red cells of unusual shape, for example, crescent-shaped in sickle cell anemia,

elliptical in pernicious anemia, and with projections giving a prickly appearance in the inherited

issue, acanthocytosis. The number of red cells and the measure of hemoglobin change among

various people and under different conditions; the number is higher, for instance, in people who

inhabit high heights and in the infection polycythemia

. During childbirth the red cell tally is

. Erythropoiesis: Formation of Red Blood Cells. (2016, December 17). Retrieved from http://www.interactive-

biology.com/3969/erythropoiesis-formation-of-red-blood-cells/

. Singh AK, Singh S, Garg G, Rizvi SI. Rapamycin mitigates erythrocyte membrane transport functions and oxidative

stress during aging in rats. Archives of physiology and biochemistry. 2018 Jan 1;124(1):45-53.

high; it falls not long after birth and step by step ascends to the adult level at adolescence. As a

result of the powerlessness of red blood cells or erythrocytes to separation to renew their

numbers, the old burst cells must be supplanted by entirely new cells. They meet their

destruction since they don't have the standard specific intracellular hardware, which controls cell

development and repair, prompting a short life expectancy of 120 days

This short life expectancy requires the procedure erythropoiesis, which is the

development of red platelets. All platelets are shaped in the bone marrow. This is the erythrocyte

industrial facility, which is the delicate, very basement tissue that fills the interior holes of bones.

Erythropoiesis

The differentiation and development of the erythrocytes are depicted by the figure below.

The development takes place in the bone marrow extra-sinusoidal stoma, and it starts with the

pluripotent stem cells which can generate erythrocytes as well as white blood cells or the

leukocytes

. Lloyd JA. An Introduction to Erythropoiesis Approaches. In Erythropoiesis 2018 (pp. 1-10). Humana Press, New

York, NY.

. Nandakumar SK, Ulirsch JC, Sankaran VG. Advances in understanding erythropoiesis: evolving perspectives. British

journal of haematology. 2016 Apr 1;173(2):206-18.

Figure 3The differentiation and development of the erythrocytes

After the primitive stem cells undergo division process, one of its daughter cells remains

pluripotent and undifferentiated so as the marrow stem cells depletion doesn’t take place

regularly. The activity of erythropoietin in the bone marrow is under the influence of hormones,

decreasing or increasing according to circulating the erythropoietin level (it is produced in the

cortical area of the kidney and is secreted in the bloodstream). The red blood cell progenitor

usually shows growing erythropoietin sensitivity via the stage of proerythroblast. The

proerythroblast stage results to irreversibly maturation sequence which leads to blood cells

formation

. Erythropoiesis: Development and... (PDF Download Available). (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236096782_Erythropoiesis_Development_and_Differentiation

. Yamamoto ML, Clark TA, Gee SL, Kang JA, Schweitzer AC, Wickrema A, Conboy JG. Alternative pre-mRNA

splicing switches modulate gene expression in late erythropoiesis. Blood. 2009 Apr 2;113(14):3363-70.

Figure 4 Relationship between the time course maturation and differentiation of erythrocytes in

the bone marrow and the proliferative potential of progenitor cells, sensitivity to erythropoietin

influence, accumulation of mRNA for globin chains and the buildup of cellular hemoglobin

The mRNAs for the different globin chains of hemoglobin show up and increment in an

amount in the proerythroblast and erythroblast stages, and this is trailed by the blend and

gathering of hemoglobin. By the late erythroblast and norm oblast stages, the combination of

hemoglobin represents over 95 percent of all protein amalgamation happening in the cells

Hemoglobin blend is deduced in the reticulocyte arrange and is joined by the progressive

disintegration of inner cell structure (counting the loss of the core) and leftover nucleic acids.

Late reticulocytes leave the bone marrow and enter the circulating blood; whereas in the

following hours they lose their granulation, and are changed into the biconcave plates

. Erythropoiesis: Development and... (PDF Download Available). (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236096782_Erythropoiesis_Development_and_Differentiation

. Hirono A, Kanno H, Miwa S, Beutler E. Chapter 182: Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency and Other Enzymopathies of the

Erythrocyte. Valle D, Beaudet AL, Vogelstein B, et al, eds. The Online Metabolic and Molecular Bases of

Inherited Disease.

commonplace of developing erythrocytes and finish differentiation and development from

foundational microorganism to the red blood cells which takes from 7 to 10 days

Due to its exceedingly separated express, the mature erythrocyte is unequipped to

promoting multiplication. In people, the typical life expectancy is 120 days. As there are 5 billion

red platelets in each cubic centimeter of blood, a couple of straightforward computations rapidly

uncover that in an ordinary adult, the separation and development of 3 million erythrocytes are

finished each second. An apparent extent of the body's vitality and assets is persistently devoured

to help erythropoietic movement. This distinct difference is a glaring difference from other

profoundly separated cells, for example, those of muscle and nerve, whose expansion stops not

long after birth

Results

The erythrocyte is formed in the bone marrow from the hemopoietic stem cells. The cells

are partially differentiated and are called erythropoietic bone marrow cells. When the erythrocyte

is manufactured the cells undergo some development phases until the mature erythrocytes are

released into the bloodstream. The last maturation stage requires two vital vitamins that are folic

. Cortese-Krott MM, Kelm M. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase in red blood cells: key to a new erythrocrine

function?. Redox biology. 2014 Jan 1;2:251-8.

. Litwack G. Erythropoietin. Academic Press; 2017 Jul 1.

acid and vitamin B12. The development process from the erythropoietic bone marrow cells to

mature erythrocytes takes about seven days

The red blood cells are produced by a stimulus known as hypoxia which is the low state

of oxygen. However, the stimulus cannot be enough to trigger the production of erythrocytes

unless the erythropoietin hormone is circulating within the bloodstream. The erythropoietin

hormone is produced primarily by kidneys. Many erythrocytes self-destruct instead of being

removed actively from the circulation and are destroyed

. This process occurs primarily in the

spleen.

When the erythrocytes rupture, the hemoglobin is then released to the process of

circulation. The process is done primarily by bone marrow, macrophages in the spleen and the

Kupfer cells of the liver. These macrophages discharge iron which is conveyed by transferring

deep down the bone marrow where it can be reused for the generation of new erythrocytes. The

. Revin VV, Gromova NV, Revina ES, Mel’nikova NA, Balykova LA, Solomadin IN, Tychkov AY, Revina NV,

Gromova OY, Anashkina IV, Yakushkin VA. Study of the structure, oxygen-transporting functions, and ionic

composition of erythrocytes at vascular diseases. BioMed Research International. 2015;2015.

. Kodali SK, Williams MR, Smith CR, Svensson LG, Webb JG, Makkar RR, Fontana GP, Dewey TM, Thourani VH,

Pichard AD, Fischbein M. Two-year outcomes after transcatheter or surgical aortic-valve replacement. New

England Journal of Medicine. 2012 May 3;366(18):1686-95.

rest of the porphyrin part of the hemoglobin is changed over to bilirubin by the macrophages.

The hepatocytes or the liver cells take up the bilirubin, conjugate it and discharge it in the bile

Discussion

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

The steps involved in Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Figure 5 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation process

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is quickly evolving method that provides a

possible cure for hematologic cancers (myeloma, lymphomas, leukemias) and many other

. de Back DZ, Kostova EB, van Kraaij M, van den Berg TK, Van Bruggen R. Of macrophages and red blood cells; a

complex love story. Frontiers in physiology. 2014 Jan 30;5:9.

Weissman I. Hematopoietic stem cells, regenerative medicine, and leukemogenesis. Thomas’ Hematopoietic Cell

Transplantation, Fifth Edition. 2015:25-57.

hematologic illnesses (such as myelodysplasia, aplastic anemia, primary immunodeficiency).

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is also used sometimes for solid tumors, for example,

germ cell tumors that usually respond to chemotherapy

The Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation usually contributes to the cure by replacing

the abnormal bone marrow with a bone marrow that is normal in nonmalignant hematologic

disorders, and also by restoring the bone marrow after cancer treatments. Hematopoietic stem

cell transplantation may also be allogeneic or autologous. The stem cells may be harvested from

the Umbilical cord blood, peripheral blood, and bone marrow

Peripheral blood has to a great extent supplanted bone marrow as a wellspring of

foundational microorganisms, particularly in autologous Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,

since undifferentiated cell gather is simpler and neutrophil and platelet tallies recoup speedier.

Umbilical cord Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been limited mainly to youngsters

because there are excessively few undifferentiated organisms in umbilical line blood for an adult.

A potential future wellspring of immature microorganisms is instigated by pluripotent

. Koniarczyk HL, Ferraro C, Miceli T. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma. InSeminars in

oncology nursing 2017 Aug 1 (Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 265-278). WB Saunders.

. van Laar JM, Farge D, Sont JK, Naraghi K, Marjanovic Z, Larghero J, Schuerwegh AJ, Marijt EW, Vonk MC,

Schattenberg AV, Matucci-Cerinic M. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation vs intravenous pulse

cyclophosphamide in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: a randomized clinical trial. Jama. 2014 Jun

25;311(24):2490-8.

foundational microorganisms (specific cells are taken from adults and reinvented to act like

undifferentiated organisms)

There are no contraindications to autologous Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Contraindications to allogeneic Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are relative and

incorporate age > 50, past Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and huge co morbidities.

Allogeneic HSC transplantation is restricted mainly by the absence of

histocompatiblebenefactors

. An HLA-indistinguishable kin contributor is perfect, trailed by an

HLA-coordinated kin benefactor. Since just a single fourth of patients have such a kind

benefactor, jumbled related or coordinated disconnected givers (distinguished through universal

registries) are regularly utilized. Nonetheless, long-term ailment free survival rates might be

. Wagner Jr JE, Brunstein CG, Boitano AE, DeFor TE, McKenna D, Sumstad D, Blazar BR, Tolar J, Le C, Jones J,

Cooke MP. Phase I/II trial of StemRegenin-1 expanded umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cells supports

testing as a stand-alone graft. Cell stem cell. 2016 Jan 7;18(1):144-55.

. Forman SJ, Kalos M, June CH. Adoptive T‐cell Therapy for Malignancy in the Setting of Hematopoietic Cell

Transplantation. Thomas’ Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Fifth Edition. 2016 Jan 1:826-38.

lower than those with HLA-indistinguishable kin contributors

Figure 6 Chemotherapy process

References

. Weissman I. Hematopoietic stem cells, regenerative medicine, and leukemogenesis. Thomas’ Hematopoietic Cell

Transplantation, Fifth Edition. 2015:25-57.

. Koniarczyk HL, Ferraro C, Miceli T. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma. InSeminars in

oncology nursing 2017 Aug 1 (Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 265-278). WB Saunders.

Chemaly RF, Ullmann AJ, Stoelben S, Richard MP, Bornhäuser M, Groth C, Einsele H, Silverman

M, Mullane KM, Brown J, Nowak H. Letermovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in

hematopoietic-cell transplantation. New England Journal of Medicine. 2014 May

8;370(19):1781-9.

Cortese-Krott MM, Kelm M. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase in red blood cells: key to a new

erythrocrine function?. Redox biology. 2014 Jan 1;2:251-8.

de Back DZ, Kostova EB, van Kraaij M, van den Berg TK, Van Bruggen R. Of macrophages and

red blood cells; a complex love story. Frontiers in physiology. 2014 Jan 30;5:9.

DeBaun MR, Gordon M, McKinstry RC, Noetzel MJ, White DA, Sarnaik SA, Meier ER, Howard

TH, Majumdar S, Inusa BP, Telfer PT. Controlled trial of transfusions for silent cerebral

infarcts in sickle cell anemia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2014 Aug 21;371(8):699-

710.

Erythropoiesis: Formation of Red Blood Cells. (2016, December 17). Retrieved from

http://www.interactive-biology.com/3969/erythropoiesis-formation-of-red-blood-

cells/

Erythropoiesis: Development and... (PDF Download Available). (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236096782_Erythropoiesis_Development_and

_Differentiation

Forman SJ, Kalos M, June CH. Adoptive T‐cell Therapy for Malignancy in the Setting of

Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Thomas’ Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Fifth

Edition. 2016 Jan 1:826-38.

Hirono A, Kanno H, Miwa S, Beutler E. Chapter 182: Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency and Other

Enzymopathies of the Erythrocyte. Valle D, Beaudet AL, Vogelstein B, et al, eds. The Online

Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease.

Hoffman JF. Red blood cells, compasses and snap shots. Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases. 2018

Mar 21.

Kodali SK, Williams MR, Smith CR, Svensson LG, Webb JG, Makkar RR, Fontana GP, Dewey

TM, Thourani VH, Pichard AD, Fischbein M. Two-year outcomes after transcatheter or

surgical aortic-valve replacement. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012 May

3;366(18):1686-95.

Koniarczyk HL, Ferraro C, Miceli T. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Multiple

Myeloma. InSeminars in oncology nursing 2017 Aug 1 (Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 265-278). WB

Saunders.

Litwack G. Erythropoietin. Academic Press; 2017 Jul 1.

Lloyd JA. An Introduction to Erythropoiesis Approaches. InErythropoiesis 2018 (pp. 1-10). Humana

Press, New York, NY.

Nandakumar SK, Ulirsch JC, Sankaran VG. Advances in understanding erythropoiesis: evolving

perspectives. British journal of haematology. 2016 Apr 1;173(2):206-18.

Overmann J. Red Blood Cells. Interpretation of Equine Laboratory Diagnostics. 2017 Oct 5:113.

Pretorius E, Oore-ofe O, Mbotwe S, Bester J. Erythrocytes and their role as health indicator: Using

structure in a patient-orientated precision medicine approach. Blood reviews. 2016 Jul

1;30(4):263-74.

Revin VV, Gromova NV, Revina ES, Mel’nikova NA, Balykova LA, Solomadin IN, Tychkov AY,

Revina NV, Gromova OY, Anashkina IV, Yakushkin VA. Study of the structure, oxygen-

transporting functions, and ionic composition of erythrocytes at vascular diseases. BioMed

Research International. 2015;2015.

Singh AK, Singh S, Garg G, Rizvi SI. Rapamycin mitigates erythrocyte membrane transport

functions and oxidative stress during aging in rats. Archives of physiology and biochemistry.

2018 Jan 1;124(1):45-53.

van Laar JM, Farge D, Sont JK, Naraghi K, Marjanovic Z, Larghero J, Schuerwegh AJ, Marijt EW,

Vonk MC, Schattenberg AV, Matucci-Cerinic M. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell

transplantation vs intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide in diffuse cutaneous systemic

sclerosis: a randomized clinical trial. Jama. 2014 Jun 25;311(24):2490-8.

Wagner Jr JE, Brunstein CG, Boitano AE, DeFor TE, McKenna D, Sumstad D, Blazar BR, Tolar J,

Le C, Jones J, Cooke MP. Phase I/II trial of StemRegenin-1 expanded umbilical cord blood

hematopoietic stem cells supports testing as a stand-alone graft. Cell stem cell. 2016 Jan

7;18(1):144-55.

Weissman I. Hematopoietic stem cells, regenerative medicine, and leukemogenesis. Thomas’

Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Fifth Edition. 2015:25-57.

Yamamoto ML, Clark TA, Gee SL, Kang JA, Schweitzer AC, Wickrema A, Conboy JG. Alternative

pre-mRNA splicing switches modulate gene expression in late erythropoiesis. Blood. 2009

Apr 2;113(14):3363-70.

Place new order. It's free, fast and safe

Paper type

Deadline

Page count

550 words

Total price: $ 15.00

Our customers say

Jeff Curtis

USA, Student

"I'm fully satisfied with the essay I've just received. When I read it, I felt like it was exactly what I wanted to say, but couldn’t find the necessary words. Thank you!"

Ian McGregor

UK, Student

"I don’t know what I would do without your assistance! With your help, I met my deadline just in time and the work was very professional. I will be back in several days with another assignment!"

Shannon Williams

Canada, Student

"It was the perfect experience! I enjoyed working with my writer, he delivered my work on time and followed all the guidelines about the referencing and contents."