Fascism And The Endelosung

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Fascism and the Endelosung

Introduction

Social order is an important aspect that influences the functioning of society. Rules and

regulations provide a framework that enhances societal harmony. In most instances, the laws and

values that guide and impact behavior relate to ideologies. Political ideologies comprise

principles, doctrines, ethical ideals, and symbols of a state. They contain the goals of the society,

explain how the states should function, and offer cultural or political blueprints. The ideologies

are used to define the best form of governance for a given society. Societies and states adopt the

ideologies and employ the same in governance. Usually, the ideologies are held and supported

strongly by a majority of people within the respective society or state. Just like autocracy and

communism, fascism is one of the political ideologies that had a significant impact on

governance. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of fascism and shows its relationship to the

Endelosung.

Understanding Fascism

Fascism is a political ideology that is authoritarian and which promotes the interests of

the nation or state above the wellbeing of the individual. It advocates for an authoritative and

centralized dictatorial leader who has absolute power. It also promotes severe social and

economic regulation and suppresses the opposition (Mosley 112). The emergence of fascism

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dates back to Italy in the 1920s. During World War 1, Italy had battled on the winning side but

its experience was dissatisfying. Many of its citizens were disappointed and felt that the country

had gained very little as compared to the sacrifice that it made. Some of the veterans were

discontent and as a result, they decided to rally and create companionship. Originally, fascism

was neither anti-Semitic nor racist. Gradually the ideology expanded to other nations.

From the point of view of the fascist model, a citizen should be a hero who is inspired by

honor, duty, and sacrifice. It requires individuals to devote their magnificence and life to their

nation or race. Furthermore, its citizens should have unquestioning obedience to their topmost

leadership. In many respects, the ideology disregards values such as freedom, equality,

nationalism, and progress in favor of heroism, struggle, power, leadership, and war. According to

fascists, freedom implies total submission and democracy contributes to dictatorship. Therefore,

progress can only be achieved through constant struggle and creation relates to annihilation. In

his study, Albright explains that fascist authoritarianism is usually not satisfied with a dutiful and

silent followership (38). Leaders require the population to participate actively by supporting the

decisions and activities of their government. They rely more on the opinion of the public as

opposed to absolute oppression. This attribute distinguishes them from right-wing dictatorship,

which relies on oppression and ignores the viewpoints of the citizens.

The model of fascism causes the society to be ordered in a corporatist fashion.

Theoretically, it supports collective bargaining for all social groups including farmers, workers,

clergymen, and employers amongst others. However, in practice, historical studies show that the

ideology favored the largest and most sympathetic corporate agencies and exercised heavy

control over them (Stanely 31). The businesses remain under private ownership and the profits

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benefit the owners rather than the state. Fascism leads to the oppression of citizens, crushes the

opposition, and infringes on the personal rights of the populace.

Fascism and the Endlosung

Also referred to as the final solution, the Endlosung was a fascist plan that was used

during the second world war by Nazi to exterminate the Jews. It included murdering all the Jews

that were within reach. It was a systematic and deliberate genocide that was formulated by the

Nazi leadership. It culminated into the killing of an approximate two-thirds of the Jewish

population that inhabited Europe and ninety percent of Polish Jews (Mussolini 39). The

implementation of the policy started in 1943 when the victims were sent to centralized

extermination camps and on mobile death trains. The implementation of the fascist policy was

initiated by Mussolini and various other leaders who shared the ideology. Also worth noting is

the fact that the Nazi party had an anti-Jewish orientation. According to census reports, the

Jewish population in relation to the rest of the group was the smallest in Europe. The

implementation of racist laws in 1938 was discriminatory. The manifestos that were propagated

by leaders insisted that the Jews did not belong to the Italian race.

Before the enforcement of the racial laws, the Jews participated actively in the economic,

social, and cultural life. They joined the ruling party and took part in its activities and

governance. However, the fascist party stopped enrolling them in 1938. The implementation of

the anti-Jewish rule in 1938 led to their persecution. Under total responsibility of the fascist state,

they were removed from public life, denied their civil rights, and treated as second-class citizens

(Friedlander 57). In this respect, only a few Jews who had certain merits enjoyed their rights.

Since the fascist Italy sought to concentrate on expelling the Italian Jews, it ordered the foreign

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Jews to vacate the country within six months. From 1940, Mussolini confined the foreign Jews in

concentration camps.

The Jews in the camps were not exposed to brutal treatment and physical violence or any

form of danger until 1943. The persecution took place from 1943 to 1945 after Mussolini had

exited power. This included the deportation of the Italian Jews to the death camps. Notably,

Italian citizens participated actively in the exercise. Basing on the data that had been compiled

before the execution, they identified and arrested the Jews. The Italians cooperated with the

government and encouraged the persecution. Although the institution of the anti-Jewish laws was

met with disbelief by the Jewish, the Italian population ignored the reactions. Instead, the

citizens spread propaganda and supported the law. Historical research shows that there were very

few shy public protests during this period (Stanley 66). The leaders neither reacted nor

condemned the stance because of fear of retaliation from the government. Further, the Jews

started leaving the country because they felt unwelcome.

Conclusion

Political ideologies comprise important notions, values, ideals, ideas, and beliefs that

populations hold in high regard. The principles influence decision making and impact the value

systems of societies. The ideas strongly influence the social, economic, and cultural wellbeing of

populations. Fascism is an ideology that advocates for the interests of the state or nation above

the citizens’. It is authoritative, militaristic, and dictatorial in nature. It requires citizens to

demonstrate unwavering loyalty and commit fully to safeguarding the wellbeing of their country.

With reference to the end resolution, fascist rules contributed significantly to the death of the

Jews. To begin with, the policy was implemented by Mussolini, an authoritative and dictatorial

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leader who had absolute power. It was directed at a minority population and ought to safeguard

the interest of Italy. Also, the strategy was militant and the population supported the authorities.

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Works Cited

Albright, Madeleine. Fascism: A Warning. New York: Harper, 2018. Print.

Friedlander, Saul. Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution. New York:

Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2014. Print.

Mosley, Oswald. Fascism for the Million. New York: Black House Publishing, 2012. Print.

Mussolini, Benito. The Doctrine of Fascism. New York: Howard Fertig Pub, 2006. Print.

Stanley, Jason. How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them. New York: Random House,

2018. Print.

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