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IoT Healthcare Monitoring

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1. Abstract

As a result of the rise in the number of people getting

old in the world and the rise in dangerous diseases,

there is a need for the efficient healthcare system to

cater for the livelihood of people. One way of

achieving an efficient healthcare system is through the

application of remote health monitoring operations

which major in the Internet of Things (IoT)

technology. The app is vital for reducing the pressure

mounted on the healthcare systems and those people

who provide services in hospitals. Furthermore, the

system can help reduce the costs of healthcare and

also provide homecare for people with chronic illness

and the elderly who cannot make it to the hospital. The

paper is going to look at the ways by which the Internet

of Things based applications in the faculty of medicine

can be put in place to decrease the challenges faced

by people in the healthcare sector. The paper will also

suggest an IoT Tiered Architecture (IoTTA) as a

method of improving sensor data to real-time response

of the clinic. Such an approach takes into account

various aspects like sending, sensing, processing,

storing, minimizing, and learning. The plan is vital in

coming up with useful and practical solutions critical

in pursuing the development of systems in the IoT.

Keyword: Internet of Things, healthcare, machine

learning, health monitoring systems, homecare, data

mining.

2. Introduction

As a result of the growth in the number of people

getting old in the current world over the recent years

[1], [2] challenging issues in the sector of healthcare

are on the rise, which are a rise in the chronic diseases

and the increase in hospital expenditures to get access

to the services [3], [4], [5]. Monitoring of health is

vital when it comes to maintaining the health of

individuals majorly focusing on the elderly and people

suffering from the chronic ailments as the process can

lower the chances of hospitalization and at the same

time increase the quality of lives of people [6]. The

models applied traditionally for health monitoring

were time-consuming and therefore inconvenient [7]

and thus insufficient to come up with the solutions to

the challenges in the healthcare sector in the current

world.

There has been an urge to come up with

efficient healthcare systems which will aid in reducing

the pressures on the operations of the hospitals and

those who provide the healthcare services. The system

was also to raise the quality of the care as well as

lowering the costs incurred in the supply of healthcare

services. Reducing costs is to be achieved by keeping

the patients out of the hospitals.

IoT is vital in coming up with remote

healthcare monitoring systems. Applications of IoT

come up with a paradigm to interconnect tangible and

virtual things [8]. Furthermore, the system allows the

communications between the stuff it interconnects,

sharing of information and the coordination of the

decisions. Recently, applications based on IoT in the

field of medicine have attracted the attention of

researchers and technologists. The paper is going to

present an IoT Tiered Architecture (IoTTA) through a

modified use to enhance sensor data into real-time

clinical response.

The research was conducted due to the

following reasons: One, People are getting old

throughout the world. From the United Nations [1]

people who are aged 60 and above in the whole

universe was 901 million in the year 2015, the figure

is estimated to increase to 1.4 billion by 2030 and

almost 2.1 billion by 2050. It is predicted that most

people will be 65 and above, the mean being roughly

50 years in many countries [2]. Secondly is the rise in

recurring diseases. Chronic Heart Failure is considered

to be the deadly disease that affects many people in

Europe where there are over 3.6 million new cases of

the disease each year, as is the fact in the United States

of America [3]. Thirdly, the expenditure on the

services offered in the hospitals and clinics is on the

rise. From the Centers of Medicare and Medicaids

Services (CMS), it was established that the bills of a

hospital in the U.S. rose from 3.5 percent in 2013 to

4.1 percent in 2014 accumulating to $971.8 billion in

the current year [5]. In the same trend, doctors and the

hospital service expenditure rose from 2.5 percent in

2013 to 4.6% in 2014 an approximate of $603.7 billion

in 2014 [5].

The current use of IoT in the medicine field

is mostly ad-hoc, based on the implementation and the

technologies in various cases. For instance, the writers

in [9] based their arguments on the telecare system and

its applications in the healthcare system. The operation

was first tested in Sweden using a two-step evaluation

whereby the survey with ten patients was conducted

followed by a field trial done at home with two patients

of chronic heart diseases. From the findings, the

system was found to be easily operated. The system,

however, had a finite broader integration or prolonged

usage. The algorithms for clinical support were in

place but are not fully utilized. For instance, in [10], a

diagnostic module is suggested via the fuzzy logic to

carry out early identification and alert for

Hypertension and Hypotension. The system is

however not broadly used.

The paper is to attain the following. First, it

is to come up with an overview of the current

techniques that support IoT-based applications.

Secondly, suggest IoTTA for the design and coming

up with the solutions of integrating specific techniques

in the healthcare system. Thirdly is to come up with

the scenarios where IoTTA can be used and lastly

come up with a proposal to address various challenges

in the healthcare sector.

3. Critical Literature Review

The study examined IoT healthcare

monitoring methods, the challenges encountered in the

healthcare system and how the gaps can be solved.

Previous studies have demonstrated that IoT is an

excellent tool for coming up with solutions to the

challenges encountered by people in the current world

of medicine [11]. The study was to assess how IoT can

be utilized to come up with the solution to the problem

of rising costs in the healthcare systems. As many

people are getting old by day there was a need of

coming up with a way of keeping such people at home

but at the same time provide medical attention to them

when they get sick, and by this, reducing the daily

costs of spending time in the hospitals [12].

The study was also to examine ways of

reducing the spread of chronic diseases. The diseases

are believed to be on the rise and a cause of the many

deaths witnessed in Europe and the United States [7].

The methodology section was grouped into various

sections addressing the design of research, choosing

the informants, data collection procedures, pilot

testing, instrumentation, and data analysis.

4. Research Design

From grounded qualitative research, surveys,

case study, and interviews were found to be the best

methods in this case. The plans were selected as they

were well fitted in coming up with responses to the

research questions appropriately. The stronghold of

the case study method is that it allows for the proper

examination of the phenomenon in details using the

different types of evidences obtained from the

interviews with those involved, direct observation of

events and analysis of documents and artifacts [13].

Furthermore, the case study was applied as the aim of

the research is to explain rather than prediction, and

the variable studied is not easily identifiable or

embedded in the phenomenon to be extracted for the

study [14]. Also, the case study enables the empirical

inquiry of the event within its real-life context and in

this case, the application of IoT in the field of

medicine.

5. Data Collection Techniques

Interviews and observation were the primary

data collection methods used. The interviewers had to

visit the patients in hospitals and also in their homes to

come up with the challenges needed to be solved by

the use of the Internet of Things in the healthcare

sector. The systems in operation within the hospitals

were also observed in the way they perform the

functions and the recommendations made on how to

improve the system better to accommodate the

developing challenges in the healthcare sector.

Some secondary sources of data included the

documents provided by the service providers in

hospitals. The interviews were carried out based on the

questions in the interview guide through the

interviewees were given the freedom to talk about

their experience in a manner in which they were

satisfied as a requirement in the qualitative methods

[15].

6. Instrumentation

As interviewing was the data collection

method used, an Interview guide was used as the

instrumentation technique. Some of the questions

included in the guide were:

 what challenges

are faced in the healthcare

operations systems as a result of a

lack of improvements in the

system?

 How can the

seniors in the society be assisted by

the system to be able to access

healthcare services easily?

 How can IoT

improve the services offered in the

healthcare sector?

The method uses purposive and

little illustration as there is a high nomothetic

perspective and commitment to detailed data

inspection [16]. Well, vast surroundings

with compact sample sizes are inspired to

see to it the importance of the data gathered

and suitable investigation. Going by this

fact, six participants (four ladies and two

men) were taken from a city hospital.

7. Gap Identification

The following gaps were identified

from the research as the main challenges

facing the healthcare sector as a result of

poor operations systems:

8. Lack of chronic patients monitoring system

The vital signs of patients are to be

monitored. The importance of this is that it

will decrease the re-hospitalization by

detecting the problems at an early stage

thereby allowing a timely action towards the

illness to be taken [17]. Electrocardiography

was measured and the data transmitted to the

database using the internet [18] whereas

others were transmitted via wireless

communications [19]. The monitoring

system enables the diagnosis and the

intervention of emergency services at the

time of need [14] [15].

9. IoT Enables the Monitoring of the Elderly

The application of Telecare could

enable the individuals mostly those people

who are aged to have a comfortable life [20].

The old people will also be able to be given

an independent living through the

application of telecare whereby the

interventions of technology can support their

daily needs for instance smart home or

telemedicine [21]. Chuang et al. [22] came

up with the SilverLink system which uses

the sensors from objects and those from

people to indicate the activities of the user

and their status of health. Data from the

sensors are processed to detect the

abnormalities in the cells of people.

10. Emergency Detection

The emergency applications taking

part in IoT enables the detection of illnesses

at the best time, and this allows the provision

of emergency services [23]. The model

involves the monitoring of the health of the

patients by the medical devices and after

which the personal mobile devices analyze

the gathered data to come up with the

emergency cases then the information is

transferred to the medical data systems.

After the detection of an emergency issue,

the ambulance teams can reach out to the

patients in the right time.

11. IoT Tiered Architecture (IoTTA)

Such systems are applied through

the integration of different technologies like

wireless communications, sensor networks,

data processing, and cloud computing. Such

techniques put together in an IoT system can

come up with solutions to various chronic

illnesses [24]. The system is organized in

five sections of sensing, sending, processing,

storing and mining and finally learning.

Through the sensing, different parameters of

the health of patients are gathered and sent

to the processing section to be pre-

processed. The data is then transferred to the

storing section for more processing via the

tools in the mining and learning section after

which the processed information is stored

[25].

12. Proposal to the Gaps

The study proposed the integration

of IoTTA Tiered Architecture in the

healthcare sector to come up with solutions

to the challenges of the elderly and the

chronic diseases in the current world. The

architecture can come up with the answers as

it incorporates the five processes of sensing,

sending processing, storing and mining and

finally learning [25]. Patient problems will

be well analyzed through the application of

such an architecture. Monitoring of the

aging people will be quickly done while the

people are in their homes and this will

reduce the expenditure in the healthcare. The

extra cash can be used to cater for other

family needs like provision of food [19].

13. Conclusion and Future Work

The paper focused on some of the

health issues which faces the traditional

healthcare models in the current aging

world. Such problems included chronic

illnesses and the increase of hospital and

clinical expenditure. It was realized that to

reduce the pressure on the clinical system

and the providers of its care utilities, the

quality of care was to be improved and the

cost of healthcare decreased. The conditions

will only be met if effective and efficient

healthcare systems are developed. Remote

healthcare monitoring systems in IoT can be

the best solution in achieving the desired

outcomes.

14. References

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