Hypertension In Hispanic Adolescences

Running head: HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES

Wrong Lifestyle and Hypertension in the Adolescences Hispanic Population

Name of Student

Institution affiliation

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 2

Contents

Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 3

The Problem ........................................................................................................................ 4

Research Question .......................................................................................................... 4

Objectives........................................................................................................................ 5

Contribution to Advanced Nursing Practice ................................................................... 5

Review of Literature ............................................................................................................ 6

1. Diet and Nutrition ................................................................................................. 6

2. Physical Inactivity .................................................................................................. 8

3. Obesity ................................................................................................................ 11

4. Tobacco Abuse .................................................................................................... 14

5. Alcohol Abuse ...................................................................................................... 16

6. Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome ....................................................... 20

Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 21

Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 21

Conceptual Model ......................................................................................................... 21

Sample ........................................................................................................................... 22

Data Analysis ................................................................................................................. 23

Reference List .................................................................................................................... 24

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 3

Introduction

Hispanic speaking Americans make up the youngest as well as the fastest growing ethnic

group, among the minorities in the United States. While this group only accounted for 15

percent of the population in the year 2006, this is expected to grow to at least 24 percent by

the year 2050 (Sullivan, 2017). Hispanics are exposed to a bigger cardiovascular risk while

compared to the non-Hispanic whites, thus, it is important that the providers of healthcare in

the country ought to establish an understanding of the health characteristics that could be

unique to these individuals. Considering that this population is growing very fast, there is the

need for interventions aimed at curbing this high rate of hypertension, especially considering

that the financial cost of treating and managing this population will increase with the increasing

population. Besides, cardiovascular diseases contribute towards the single largest portion of

both the direct as well as indirect costs of healthcare in the United States, with estimates

showing that at least 300 billion dollars were use in the year 2008, while this could increase to

at least 800 billion dollars by the year 2030 (Havranek, Mujahid, Barr, Blair, Cohen, Cruz-Flores,

& Rosal, 2015).

Hypertension, being the most common risk factor for cardiovascular conditions by

surpassing others like smoking, obesity, as well as diabetes mellitus, is becoming a leading

cause of premature death alongside cardiovascular disability. Estimates from the year 2008

demonstrate that at least 18 percent of Hispanic adults, of ages more than 18, have been

diagnosed with this condition against 27 percent for non-Hispanic whites and a further 32

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 4

percent of no Hispanic blacks. Nonetheless, for the middle aged and older adults, those of ages

between 45 and 84, the incidence of the condition was higher among the Hispanics as

compared to the non-Hispanics, with a rate of 65.7 against 56.8 individuals in every 1,000

persons (Yoon, Fryar, & Carroll, 2015). Far from the higher rate of incidence, Hispanics tend to

be less likely to have this conduction checked by healthcare professionals.

Studies demonstrate that the rate of incidence for hypertension among Hispanics is in

between that of non-Hispanic whites and for African Americans. Further, while the rate of

mortality from these cardiovascular conditions is on a decline, this rate of decline is lower for

the Hispanics than it is for the other populations, especially African Americans as well as the

non-Hispanic whites. It is unfortunate that into the future, the incidence levels, as well as rate

of prevalence of hypertension by the Hispanic populations seems to be on the increase. The

high-risk cultural as well as dietary lifestyles of the Hispanic population are mentioned to be a

leading factor for this high rate.

The Problem

Research Question

1. How does the wrong lifestyle influence the development of hypertension in the

adolescence Hispanic population?

2. There will be a significant negative relationship between the wrong lifestyle the

development of hypertension in the adolescence Hispanic population?

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 5

Objectives

1. To establish the contribution of diet towards hypertension among the Hispanic

population

2. To establish the contribution of physical inactivity towards hypertension among the

Hispanic population

3. To establish the contribution of obesity towards hypertension among the Hispanic

population

4. To establish the contribution of tobacco towards hypertension among the Hispanic

population

5. To establish the contribution of alcohol abuse towards hypertension among the Hispanic

population

6. To establish the contribution of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome towards

hypertension among the Hispanic population

Contribution to Advanced Nursing Practice

Hypertension remains a leading healthcare concern in the United States, for all the

populations. It is a leading cause of mortality in the country, increasing the need and urgency

for healthcare providers to come up with interventions to help in curb this challenge. While it is

easily diagnosed and often easily responds to medication, other factors place it among the

leading cause of mortality. The proposed research seeks to highlight the behavioral factors that

contribute towards the increased rate of incidence among Hispanic populations, which present

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 6

the risk factors for hypertension. To advanced nursing practice, this is a valuable contribution,

inspiring decision and policymaking, aimed at coming up with interventions that could help

reduce the level of risk and exposure to hypertension, which faces the Hispanic populations.

Review of Literature

1. Diet and Nutrition

Incidences as well as severity of hypertension are majorly affected by the nutritional

status alongside the level of intake of various nutrients by an individual. When one takes in a lot

of energy, they could easily be obese, something that is a major contributor of hypertension.

There is a close association between obesity and high levels of activity inside the

reninangiotensin-aldosterone together with the sympathetic nervous system. Further, thus

could have an impact on the other mineralcortocoid activities, resistance to insulin,

hypertension that is sensitive to salt, alongside a reduction in the functioning of the kidneys.

Taking in high amounts of sodium chloride is a primary predisposition of hypertension, while

elevated abuse of alcohol as well as other drugs could have a contributory effect on the

increasing the pressure of blood. Taking in elevated amounts of potassium, polyunsaturated

fatty acids, as well as proteins could have a contributory effect on reducing the pressure of

blood. Other studies have indicated that amino acids, teas, coffee, dark chocolates, and other

foods with increased levels of nitrates could contribute towards reducing pressure of the blood

(Gu, Vorburger, Gazes, Habeck, Stern, Luchsinger, & Brickman, 2016). From these pieces of

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 7

evidence, it is notable that all foods classified as fad diets or junk foods have a contributory

effect towards hypertension.

When the Soviet Union collapsed in the year 1989, a massive economic crisis was

experienced, especially in the year 1990, a time that is commonly referred to as the ‘Special

Period’. During this period, there was a major shift in the patterns for nutrition as well as

physical activities, especially with the increased level of scarcity of sources for both food and

energy. Further, sources of vitamin as well as minerals reduced, increasing deficiencies and

other conditions like anemia as well as optic neuropathy. Studies conducted on the Hispanic

populations demonstrated that there was a massive reduction in the amount of calorie intake

per individual, something that coincided with a massive reduction in the reported hypertension

cases. These effects were felt between 1997 and 2002, when there were reduced numbers of

mortality attributed to hypertension. Nonetheless, from this period, morbidity was hardly

affected, maintain a continuous increase from this time (Koivusalo, Palosuo, Manning, &

Davidova, 2016).

After the modest recovery of the economy, there has been an increase in the availability

of cheap fast foods by vendors, together with an inconsistent access as well as affordability of

healthy fresh fruits as well as vegetables. Further, in the recent times there has been a change

in lifestyles, especially with the increasing pace of life, where individuals are keen on eating

food on the go. In responding to this need, vendors are increasingly delivering fast foods,

something that has made them a preference of many Hispanic speakers. Far from the level of

availability of nutrition, preference is also a major consideration. A recent survey demonstrated

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 8

that Hispanic speaking populations have a high level of preference for foods like ham, red meat,

carbonated soft drinks, white bread, as well as a variety of processed foods. Of the participants

in this survey, 85 percent considered ham healthy, while a further 90 percent considered red

meat to be healthy. Further, the survey supported the earlier assertions that the rate of intake

of vegetables as well as healthy fresh fruits was very low among the Hispanic speaking

populations. While one of the major factors for these behaviors was cost, preference remains a

major barrier to healthy eating among the Hispanic speaking populations (Ochoa, & Berge,

2017).

There is a high level of inadequacy for recent peer reviewed data dietary preferences for

Hispanic speakers. However, the 1982-1984 HHANES survey paints a description of these

trends. This study demonstrates that at least 73 percent of Hispanic American men and a

further 75.7 percent of women in the same population consumed huge amounts of junk foods

(García-Meseguer, Delicado-Soria, & Serrano-Urrea, 2017). While the basis of this data is self-

reporting, it makes a suggestion that there is a high level of calorie intake by the Hispanics living

in America, something that is attributable to the high level of hypertension.

2. Physical Inactivity

Exercise is a primary component for lifestyle therapy, especially in the prevention as

well as treating hypertension. Several studies have demonstrated that there are some

beneficial impacts of exercise on hypertension, especially with respect to reducing systolic as

well as diastolic pressures in blood.

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 9

There is an acute association between exercise and reducing the systolic pressure in

blood. When an individual is involved in a physical exercise, they could experience a reduced

level of amount of pressure in their blood, something that could go one for at least 24 hours –

in what is commonly referred to as post-exercise hypotension. When an individual conduct

regular physical exercise, they tend to have longer and sustained reductions in the pressure of

blood, in what is commonly known as the exercise training response (Williams, Mesidor,

Winters, Dubbert, & Wyatt, 2015).

This reduction of the pressure of blood after physical exercise is attributed to

attenuation of the peripheral vascular resistance, something that could result from neuro-

hormonal as well as structural responses that are a result of the reduction in the activities of

the sympathetic nerves alongside increases in the diameters of the arterial lumen. Other

mechanisms that have been proposed for this reduction in the pressure of blood include the

positive changes in oxidative stress, inflammations, endothelial functions, compliance of the

artilleries, body mass, rennin-angiotensin activities in the system, parasympathetic activities,

functioning of the renal system, alongside sensitivity to insulin (D Femminella, Candido, Conte,

Provenzano, Rengo, Coscioni, & Ferrara, 2016).

Individuals who are physically inactive tend to have a 19 percent chance of contacting

hypertension than those who conduct regular physical exercise. Physical activity among the

Hispanic population has been studied for a long time, where it was established to be one of the

major risk factor facing Hispanics, as it relates to developing cardiovascular conditions. It was

reported that many individuals in the Hispanic population did not conduct regular physical

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 10

exercise, especially women. This increased rate of physical inactivity is a major contributor of

the increased rate of obesity, something that subsequently contributes towards hypertension.

Some sources indicate that between 53 and 69 percent of Hispanics are sedentary, an aspect

that contributes to the increase risk they are exposed to, of developing these cardiovascular

conditions (Lox, Ginis, & Petruzzello, 2017). This high level of inactivity is not only noticed

among the adults, with a big number of children also suffering from the same. This is majorly

contributed to by the increased access and use of television and computer games, which are

being used as recreational activities. Most of the boys and girls ling in the urban settings are

rarely engaged in physical activities, with many of these opting for technologically facilitated

activities. The rate of physical activity is, however, higher among those living in the rural

setting.

According to a self-reporting study conducted among the Hispanic speakers in America,

it was noted that only 53 percent of male adults were involved in physical activities where they

lost 1000 kcal in one week. This level was much lower among their female counterparts, with

only 49 percent of them being involved in physical exercise where a similar amount of energy

was lost (Hoeger, W, Hoeger, S, Hoeger, C, & Fawson, 2018).

Having established that physical exercise is a major contributor towards reducing the

level of indigence of hypertension, the fact that the Hispanic population is slow at embracing it

has been a leading reason for the elevated risks they are exposed to. With this consideration,

there is the need for individuals in this population to embrace physical exercise, as one of the

ways of reducing obesity, which is a predisposing factor for hypertension.

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 11

3. Obesity

Population studies demonstrate that close to two thirds of individuals suffering from

obesity risked developing hypertension. Far from this elevated level of developing

hypertension, other risks have a close association to sleep apnea, conditions in the heart

coronary, alongside failures of the congestive cardiac. The mechanism of the manner in which

obesity contributes towards the development of hypertension is attributable to the neuro-

endocrine mechanism alongside factors that arise from the adipose tissues, which are said to

have a causing effect (Kenna, 2016).

Obesity has been established to have several impacts on the levels of hormones in the

bodies of those affected, especially on the rennin-angiotennsin-aldosterone system. The system

primarily works in controlling the volume of blood inside the body as well as the sympathetic

nervous system. This means that it works in controlling the amounts if water circulated into the

body alongside the level of sodium that is retained into the body. These two aspects play a

critical role in regulating bold pressure, thus, when obesity interferes with their functioning

could facilitate the development of hypertension (Gore, Chappell, Fenton, Flaws, Nadal, Prins,

& Zoeller, 2015). Further, depositioning of the adipose tissue often contributes the irregular

functioning in the kidneys, something that could alter the pressure of blood.

Besides, blood pressure could be altered by an increased amount of sodium

reabsorption in the renal system. While causing hypertension, obesity could form the basics of

some metabolic syndromes such as intolerance to glucose as well as resistance to insulin. It is

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 12

notable that annually, at least 2 percent of patients under treatment of hypertension report to

have been diagnosed with diabetes (Giorda, Forlani, Manti, Mazzella, De Cosmo, Rossi, &

Guida, 2017).

The Hispanic population in the United States is second, in obesity rankings. At least 60

percent of the population is obese or overweight, with at least 53,2 percent of them being

obese. Children of ages 15 and below are the largest contributors to the number of obese

people in the population, something that is attributable to the myth that a child is healthier

when they are thicker. This has been a dangerous myth among this population, where mothers

seek to get their children to add more weight, despite the increased attempts by healthcare

professionals to dispel the same (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014).

Poverty, inadequate education, as well as lack of access to healthcare are among the

outstanding factors that contribute to this problem. Besides, at least 27 percent of Hispanics do

not have insurance (Case, & Deaton, 2015), something that reduces their chances of accessing

healthcare, especially considering that they have to pay for the same. Over the last decade,

Hispanic youths have recorded a double increase in rate of obesity, while teenagers have a

double chance of being obese, as compared to their white counterparts (Jiang, Ekono, &

Skinner, 2016). This poses an issue of urgent concern among the healthcare providers,

especially considering that obesity contribute to the development of other chronic conditions

like diabetes as well as cancer.

As earlier established, Hispanic populations, tend to have poor dietary habits especially

when compared to the whites. This is a major contributor of obesity, which is a result of an

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 13

imbalance that involves an increased level of consumption of calories and a subsequent

reduced level of physical activities. This increased rate of intake of foods with high amounts of

calories could be attributed to the placement of fast foods joints. Fast food joints have

developed the psychology of strategically locating as well as marketing and position their

products and stores in strategic places to attract people of particular ethnicities. Hispanic

populations are a major target of thee marketers, especially owing to their low levels of income

and food preferences. With ridiculously low prices on their products, the fast foods provide the

high calorie menus on the go, thus attracting people who would like to eat while on the go. This

is a leading contributor to the increased levels of obesity among Hispanic population and

African Americans, who have similar dynamics in the food industry.

Besides, it has been established that Hispanic populations consume low amounts of

fruits and vegetables, with many of them having less than four daily servings. Further, at least a

third of this population has less than two servings of fresh fruits and vegetables daily. This is

mainly contributed to the fact that many of them, 80 percent, mention that fresh fruits and

vegetables are expensive to buy in the food joints, while two thirds mention that accessing

these products is very difficult. However, the Hispanic populations tend to prefer foods with

high amounts of fiber, although they are heavy consumers of foods with elevated amounts of

fats. This coupled with the low levels of consumption of vegetables and fruits increase the

nutritional imbalance.

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 14

4. Tobacco Abuse

A comparative study established that increased smoking of cigarettes per day has a

significant risk on the development of certain respiratory conditions like hypertension as well as

myocardial infarction. While this effect is initially modest, its magnitude increases as the

smoker ages. One of the reasons for this could be the fact that incidences of this condition

alongside the accumulation of smoke increase as the individual ages. Besides, significant

outcomes of the condition were noted among the individuals in the elderly group, as compared

to those in the younger group. For individuals of ages between 56 and 89, it was noted that the

risks of developing the condition had a significant association with the number of cigarettes

they smoked in a day, something that had a little impact among the individuals of ages less than

35 years (Benjamin, Blaha, Chiuve, Cushman, Das, Deo, & Jiménez, 2017). However, this is

attributable to the low levels of incidences of hypertension among people of this age bracket.

While there are established detrimental health impacts of tobacco smoking, there is

arranging debate over the variable impacts that smoking has on hypertension as well as

myocardial infarction. Particularly, when one stops smoking, they have reduced levels of

inflammation coupled with increased weight gain. As established earlier, there is a close

relationship between obesity and hypertension. As such, when one quits smoking, they are at a

very high risk of gaining too much weight, leading to obesity, which has a causing effect on

hypertension. This assertion is consistent with the argument that cigarette smoking increases

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 15

the risk of developing hypertension as well as the myocardial infarction (Bush, Lovejoy, Deprey,

& Carpenter, 2016).

These pieces of evidence demonstrate that smoking tobacco has a causing effect on the

development of hypertension, while quitting smoking could have a contributory impact to the

development of hypertension. This is a dangerous situation for the users of tobacco, especially

considering the fact that they are exposed to hypertension, irrespective of whether they

continue or quite smoking. However, the risks after quitting could be reduced through healthy

behaviors, especially dietary behaviors and regular physical activity.

As at the year 2015, it was estimated that at least 10.7 percent of Hispanic adults, of

ages 18 and above, smoked cigarettes. Men are the highest smokers, with at least 14.5 percent

of them being smokers while only 7 percent of their women smoked. In the country, at least

15.5 percent of Americans smoke cigarettes. For other ethnic groups, 31.8 percent of Alaska

natives, 16.3 percent of African Americans, 16.7 whites, and a further 9 percent of Asians

smoke tobacco (Schoenborn, & Gindi, 2015). From this, it is evident that Hispanics consume less

tobacco than the non-Hispanic whites consume, and are less likely to be consuming more than

the other groups. Further, it is evident that Hispanic men consume more tobacco than their

female counterparts do.

Although there are generally low rates of smoking among the Hispanics, there exist

some differences within their sub tribes. For instances, it is estimated that 21.5 percent of

Puerto Ricans, 18 percent of Cubans, 12.9 percent of Mexicans, and a further 9.2 percent of

those originating from South America consumer tobacco (Chrzan, & Brett, 2017). Further, it has

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 16

been established that Hispanics born in the United States tend to consume more tobacco than

immigrants do, while those in the low socioeconomic groups consume more tobacco than those

in the higher groups.

The tobacco industry seemed to target Hispanic the speaking population for a long time,

something that could have contributed to the rate of consumption. This is attributed to the

marketing strategies used by these companies, which represent their products to reflect the

enthusiastic, young, growing, brand loyalty, as well as concentration nature of the Hispanic

markets. Besides, a good number of their advertisements have captured African American

youths. Further, the tobacco industry has made huge cash contributions to the minority groups,

where Hispanic and African Americans have been major beneficiaries. With these contributions,

the industry has seemed to improve its image, gain allied from these ethnic groups, as well as

derives much political support from in the country. With these contributions, the companies in

this industry have contributed to the reduced need for anti smoking regulations, something

that has exposed the citizens.

5. Alcohol Abuse

A substantial amount of evidence has demonstrated that elevated consumption of

alcohol, especially when it exceeds three standard drinks in one day, has a close association as

well as predictive relationship with hypertension. Further, evidence demonstrates that reducing

the level of consumption of alcohol could contribute towards significantly reducing the level of

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 17

dependence on medication for both systolic as well as diastolic pressure in the blood (Míguez-

Burbano, Quiros, Lewis, Espinoza, Cook, Trainor, & Asthana, 2014).

The contribution of alcohol to hypertension is so elevated, that it is estimated to

contribute to at least 16 percent of all hypertensive conditions (Forouzanfar, Liu, Roth, Ng,

Biryukov, Marczak, & Ali, 2017). The contribution of alcohol to hypertension could be explained

in five stages, each carrying its distinct therapeutic challenges.

The first phase is where the increased consumption of alcohol is closely associated with

elevated levels of blood pressure. This contribution is not dependent on age, sex, race, smoking

of cigarettes, as well as the consumption of coffee. However, it is dependent on the levels and

amounts of ingestion, without considering the source of this alcohol. While there are several

mechanisms proposed to give an explanation of this direct impact that alcohol has on blood

pressure, an overwhelming amount of evidence offers support to the concept it is during this

stage where the consumption of alcohol contributes to increasing activity in the sympathetic

nervous system. At this stage, it is critical that the individual comes up with vigorous attempts

that would modify their lifestyles. Some attempts could be the use of anti hypertensive

medications, while there is no evidence demonstrating that drugs that lower blood pressure

could have an effect (Hu, Zhang, Nair, W Culver, & Ren, 2014).

The second phase is where abstaining from alcohol helps in reducing systolic as well as

diastolic blood pressure. This effect is felt a few days or months, after abstinence is

commenced. At this time, there is the need to conduct careful monitoring of blood pressure, as

a means of highlighting whether the use of antihypertensive drugs will be continued or

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 18

stopped. Besides, it helps in avoiding the risks that are associated with hypotension. At this

stage, the patients could help maintain their blood pressure through continuing abstinence

from alcohol. However, there are some instances where the patients have true essential

hypertension, such that abstaining from alcohol has little or no alteration effect on their blood

pressure.

At phase three, resumption of drinking could have an invariable impact on increasing

the pressure in blood. Recidivism is one of the risks in all the stages, where at least 60 to 80

percent relapses are experienced annually. Hypertension could be recurrent with the

hypertensive range that requires the patient to resume the use of hypertensive medications.

On a toxic level, the consumption of alcohol in this phase could lead to the development of the

liver condition. Further, at this stage, there is the development of fatty infiltration in the liver,

among at least 90 percent of individuals that consume alcohol, at least 60 g daily. However,

fatty infiltration in the liver is systematic and it could be reversed completely, when the patient

abstains from alcohol (de Castro, & Calder, 2017).

At stage four, increased dependence of alcohol for patients with hypertension highly

risks damaging the livers. Pathologically, alcohol has a toxic impact on at least 90 percent of the

patients that have developed fatty infiltration in the liver, with at least 30 percent of these

progressing to cirrhosis (Angulo, Kleiner, Dam-Larsen, Adams, Bjornsson,

Charatcharoenwitthaya, & Haflidadottir, 2015).

At phase five, there is the onset of the liver condition, something that coincides with the

increased level of blood pressure. However, retrogressive observations demonstrate that

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 19

hypertensive patients with dependence on alcohol showed to have reversal hypertension. From

these pieces of evidence, it could be highlighted that there is a complex natural relationship

between alcohol abuses with hypertension.

The consumption of alcohol is a critical aspect of the customs, traditions, as well as the

culture of Hispanics. For instance, most of the Hispanic celebrations are only considered

complete when they have alcohol involved. This means that when celebrating events with

family and friends or holidays, the individuals involved often take alcohol to seal the occasion.

Besides, most of the houses have some bottle of beer stored, especially champagne or apple

cider. Hispanics, from various parts of origin, tend to have preferential drinks. However, most of

these seem to have a special preference for beer, especially in its cold condition.

It is estimated that the percent of Hispanics drinking could increase from 16 percent as

at the year 2010 to at least 23 percent in the year 2030 and later to 30 percent by the year

2050 (Currie, & Schwandt, 2016). This present a huge amount of individuals drinking alcohol,

and a subsequently big number of alcohol that is consumed.

Considering that it plays a big role in their traditions, Hispanics tend to consume hug e

amounts of alcohol in their lives. This contributes to the increased usage of alcohol by the

people in this population, something that could have contributed to the increased rate of

incidence.

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 20

6. Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome

Having established that Hispanic speaking populations have poor dietary habits as well

as reduced levels of physical activities, this exposes them to developing diabetes mellitus as

well as metabolic syndrome. This metabolic syndrome has been identified as a major risk factor

for congenital heart conditions.

Metabolic syndrome has been established as one of the contributors of metabolic

abnormalities such as obesity, intolerance to glucose, as well as hypertension. A critical feature

in metabolic syndrome is elevated levels of pressure in the blood, with estimations

demonstrating that at least a third of patients with elevated pressure in blood have the

metabolic syndrome (James, Oparil, Carter, Cushman, Dennison-Himmelfarb, Handler, & Smith,

2014).

It has been established that at least 36 percent of women and a further 34 percent of

men from the Hispanic community have the metabolic syndrome. However, there are

differences in the rate of prevalence owing to age, sex, as well as their Hispanic background.

Thos of ages between 65 and 74 ages have the highest rate of prevalence with 62 percent,

followed by those of ages between 25 and 64 with 50 percent, while those of ages between 18

and 44 have a rate of prevalence of 23 percent for women, while the same for men is 55

percent, 43 percent, as well as 25 percent, respectively. On the basis of ethnic background,

Puerto Ricans lead with 41 percent, followed by Cubans at 35 percent, while South Americans

come last with 217 percent (Vladutiu, Siega-Riz, Sotres-Alvarez, Stuebe, Ni, Tabb, & Heiss,

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 21

2016). From this, it could be established that there is a high level of prevalence of the metabolic

syndrome, which is variant depending on age, sex, as well as their background.

Conclusion

The dietary as well as physical activity levels for the Hispanic speakers are a major risk

for hypertension. These are the major contributory factors, which lead to some conditions that

later lead to the development of the condition. Despite being faced with the increased rate if

incidence, individuals from this population are faced with a risk of modifying to the healthy

lifestyles, like coming up with programs as well as spaces that encourage physical activity as

well as healthy dietary habits.

Methodology

Conceptual Model

The conceptual framework will combine the heath framework of the population with

causal frameworks for modeling, with an aim of creating the risk factors that contribute to

hypertension among adults from the Hispanic population. Using the proposed model, the

research will be able to come up with the distal, intermediate, as well as the proximate

considerations related to the population that could have a causal effect on hypertension among

adolescents from the Hispanic population. These distal aspects could potentially be

determinants related to population in the form of conditions that affect individuals on a

personal level, like dietary habits and attitude towards exercise. Intermediate aspects of

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 22

hypertension among the adolescents of Hispanic ethnicity could be those aspects with a close

relationship with the environment, like the availability of healthy diets and facilities for physical

exercise. The proximate determinants of hypertension among adolescents of Hispanic origin

biophysical contributions of the individuals from this population, which have an impact on the

development of hypertension, like the pre-existing heath conditions.

Through this conceptual model, the proposed research will manage to overcome some

challenges that are often faced in epidemiologic studies, especially in the modern times. One of

these is the reduction of the emphasis put on the proximate risk factors, rather putting more

focus on making an upstream analysis of the differences that could lead to the development of

hypertension among adolescents from the Hispanic populations. Further, as opposed to having

the high level of emphasis on the individual level as the basis for making etiological actions, a

lot of focus is put on the context of the environments. A Directed Acyclic Graph could be used

in presenting this conceptual framework, which will be used to inform the models for structural

equations aimed at showing the contribution of the differences in the development of

hypertension among Hispanic adolescents.

Sample

The proposed research will take an empirical approach, conducting a number of focus

studies, case studies, together with surveys. The proposed research will majorly concentrate on

the research on the surveys, making an examination on some of the real-life examinations that

have been conducted, which will them be used as the foundation of the thoughts upon which

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 23

expanding of the information will be based. Using the proposed survey approach, the research

will be in a position where it collects information from an expanded pool of respondents

together with coming up with generalized results for all the populations. Lastly, this proposed

research will consider alternative methods like panel studies together with focus studies to add

more weight to the study.

Data Analysis

The proposed research aims at incorporating qualitative as well as quantitative

approaches to analyzing the data available. A summary ion the data collected from research will

be analyzed in the form of charts, maps, as well as other familiarization frameworks for themes.

HYPERTENSION IN HISPANIC ADOLESCENCES 24

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