Surname 2
of becoming great friends. Through the online platform, they could discuss even their roots, as
they remained curious of their identities. Finally, they both meet in Istanbul, and together they
start on a healing journey. In fact, the two girls play a significant role in bridging the gap
between Armenian and Turkish traditions. At the end of the novel, the two focus at reuniting
their families in an effort to brighten their future instead of being glued to the stereotyped past.
Indeed, when Armanoush first meets Asya’s family, the food prepared by the family reminds her
of her Armenian grandmother, a situation that acted as a connection between them and a safe
starting point in establishing their identities
Additionally, the realization of the affliction brought about by extreme attachment to
religious and cultural beliefs influence characters’ need for freedom. In this regard, despite the
conventional norms placed upon women by culture and religion, Zeliha becomes rebellious to
free herself from the chains of the traditions. Although Zeliha Kazanci acknowledges traditional
cultural practices such as the ritual of prayer and the delicacy of teacups, she speaks harshly and
rebelliously (Shafak 130). She embodies rage, frustration, anger, and strength all of which affirm
her voice portraying her dissatisfaction on the laid down Islamic norms. On the other hand,
Mustapha ran away from his motherland to avoid misfortune associated with his culture. Indeed,
he is the only man left in his lineage as other died at their early age. In this way, Mustafa adopted
a new culture in his new environment, which gave him a new identity. Notably, Shafak utilizes
these culturally prescribed stereotypes to focus on the disparities of identity.
The attachment to the history and memory brings about the complexity of individuals
within society. In some instances in the novel, the attachment to historical memories on the
genocide undermines complete liberty and equality among the characters especially men. As a
result, women remain a vital pillar in supporting their families. Further, the minorities such as
