IoT Final Work

INTERNET OF THINGS IN SMART PARKING 1

INTERNET OF THINGS IN SMART PARKING

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INTERNET OF THINGS IN SMART PARKING 2

Executive Summary

Currently, the idea of smart cities is on the rise. Consequently, IoT (Internet of things) has

come up as a remedy. IoT is a system where things are interconnected via computer mode. There

have been efforts made in the field of IoT to maximize its use and lay an excellent urban

structure. Apparently many cities are faced with the problem of a traffic jam, inadequate car

parking and safety inroads are being solved using IoT. This paper shall cover a cloud-based

smart parking system. The current research smart parking shall integrate an IoT site which

functions to monitor and signal for the available parking spaces. The system also makes use of a

mobile application which allows the user to check the available parking spaces in the parking

slots. This piece of work will also describe the system architecture. The end part shall also

discuss workability of the system to prove it’s applicable.

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Introduction

IoT initially had ventured in the communication sector where mobile devices were made

more complexly to do a variety of functions. This meant that the above devices were on the verge

of being monitored and tracked in a system of computer connectedness. Apparently, IoT has

extended to services in the communication sector which has seen interconnecting devices with

physical objects. The internet can be defined as an extended connectedness of servers, tablets

computers and mobile devices where internationally protocols are employed. The essence of the

internet is to enable communication in sending or receiving information. The thing can be

referred to as a physical object, idea or a situation or precisely something one is not aware of. IoT

is ma, de of inter-network of devices and physical objects (Balton et al., 2011).

The objects gather data from a remote area and can be able to send it to units which act as

managers to acquire, analyze and data to process services. IoT provides an infrastructure where

all home appliances such as a watch, alarm, cooking objects can communicate via an embedded

device which acts as a remote (Rico et al., 2013). The cloud-based system has been in a good

position as it is allowing developers exploit the IoT as it can be used as a platform where all

sensor data can be stored and elicited from a remote area. Considering these factors, there was the

need of forming an amalgamation concerning both technologies to come up with a Cloud of

Things (CoT) (Balton et al., 2011). Basing the CoT infrastructure, things which shall be referred

to as nodes can be accessed controlled and monitored from any given location via the cloud. The

fact that cloud can have high scalability has made it possible for addition or removal of a node in

the IoT infrastructure on a real-time basis. IoT can b,e thought to simulate the following

equation:

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Node + Controller, Actuators and sensors combined with Internet= IoT (Rico, et.al, 2013

pp 1380-1385). The smart city idea has been renewed by the emergence of IoT smart parking.

The key drivers of this Smart parking are to manage traffic control and solve the problem of

parking. Apparently, to locate a parking space in big cities is a challenge to drivers and it is even

worsening because private cars are on the increase (Balton et al., 2011).

This situation, therefore, calls for significant cities to buy the idea of Smart Parking which

shall lead to minimal search time, minimize traffic and road accidents. Problems which emanate

from traffic congestion can also be solved in the even\t drivers are pre-informed on the situation

of parking spaces and their destination they are heading. The current technological advances are

in the iteration of building new applications of IoT which shall reduce cost and power. Sensor

technology has helped many cities to monitor and manage resources. Current research which was

undertaken by International Parking Institute saw an increase in innovative ideas on the parking

systems. The current Smart parking is based on a real-time basis and use sensors which deploy

the parking area for the effects of monitoring, occupying and collect data from a variety of

sources. This paper shall propose smart parking which shall be based on a cloud system. This

system allows the user to know the available spaces in RT (Rico et al., 2013 pp 1380-1385).

State-of-the-art/Literature Review

IOT-CLOUD INTEGRATION

Balton (2011) notes that there has been an improvement in the IoT cloud integration. The

two technologies have an advantage, however, mutual integration can be thought as an added

advantage. IoT can be able to address its tech constraints which comprise of storage, processing

and energy-related factors with the clouding system. Consequently, the cloud can be extended to

deal with the reality in the world in a more comprehensive way using IoT. Cloud specifically acts

INTERNET OF THINGS IN SMART PARKING 5

as an intermediary between the nodes and application for the benefit of hiding complexity

essential for running the application. The following are some factors which make it necessary to

amalgamate IoT with cloud coverage (Balton et al., 2011).

Storage Facilitation

IoT has full information from the nodes (things) which is significant unstructured data.

Consequently, IoT data need to be collected, analyzed, processed and shared. Cloud-based

services provide a storage system which is low-cost, unlimited and high capacity making it the

best storage system for IoT data. Data which is stored by cloud system can be accessed and

visualized in any location via APIs (Balton et al., 2011).

Reckoning Power

All the devices used in IoT perform under limited processing capabilities. Data elicited

from the sensors passes via more powerful nodes where computing occurs. IoT computations are

solved by the application of unlimited processing abilities and demand the use of cloud-based

services. Cloud computing has enabled IoT systems. To perform a real-time based function

which enables responsive applications (Botta et al. 2014, and pp23-30). 

Communication channels

IoT functions to make IP devices visible to each other. Cloud-based services enable cheap

and a vast useful mode of tracking, connecting and handling devices from any given location via

the internet. The built-in applications of the IoT can be able to monitor and control things using

real-time basis (Botta et al. 2014, and pp23-30). 

Scalability

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Cloud-based services have been able to deliver scalable approach to IoT. This case calls

for addition or removal of resources in a more dynamic way. This means that things can be added

to the system and the reverse is true for removal in the availability of cloud integration. Cloud

system allocates things to the available resources (Botta et al. 2014, and pp23-30).

Another research conducted by Shim et al. (2017), smart parking shall integrate google

map system which guides the drivers to a parking site. There exist an application smartphone

which has the google map well loaded with all the parking sites in any given city. In this case,

one reserves given parking, and thus they are assured of it by the time they arrive at the place.

This plays a crucial role in controlling traffic jam as all the vehicles have destined parking at the

event of arrival in any parking lot.

Faheem (2016) notes that traffic jam has been caused by the ever-increasing population

and has caused posed a challenge in the global market as it makes it hard for vehicles to commute

within big cities. The problem has been growing at an exponential rate, and there was the need of

coming up with smart parking. Car parking has been a challenge in many countries considering

the increase of more luxurious and middle-class vehicles, yet there are a few confined and

segment parking spaces in the urban areas (Shim et al., 2017). Many people do search for a

parking space, and this has been a routine for many people around the world. This has led to a

waste of about one million barrels of fuel on a daily basis. The fact that rural-urban migration has

increased calls for more planned and well-organized traffic system as well as the parking

systems.

The works of Dinhi and Kim, (2017) note that smart car parking architect is a product of

IoT. The architecture design will employ WSN which is made using the technology of RFID

technology to be used in monitoring car parks. RFID readers can count the available parking

INTERNET OF THINGS IN SMART PARKING 7

spaces using percentage quartiles in every parking. Implementation of large-scale car parking is

thus made convenient at an affordable cost. RFID system will help in curbing disputes and thus

help to minimize wastage of time within the car parking slots. The users interact with the system

via logging in where they chose for themselves the parking space. After the user chooses their

parking space, space is reserved, and a notification SMS is sending to them. In this scenario, the

system automatically updates the parking spaces, and the selected space is made pending in the

time the system does not allow other users to apply for it. In the meantime, if space is noted by

the system as yet pending, it is changed and made available to other users. The shifts in the

system are made via WSN node in the event of new automobiles joins the system. This means

that the status of the parking site is always updated in real time. In this case, the system shall plot

the available spaces in real time basis where the charges can be initiated hourly (Dinhi &Kim,

2017).

Cloud-based Server

The Smart car parking system shall use a cloud-based server where the info is stored on

the web. In this case, the driver shall search info concerning the available car parking spaces

without necessarily contacting server node by reaching the cloud-based server directly( Dinhi &

Kim, 2017).

Control Unit

This is a unit which is located in each car parking space and has the necessity of storing

info on the parking space. The control unit integrates the following: a control unit which

functions to house the Arduino module works with the RFID. The card reader authenticates the

user information after which it displays it on the screen. When the entered info on the user is

correct, the car is cleared, and the entrance to the parking site is cleared. SCREEN: this shows

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the available parking spaces and the current free spaces and a small map showing the car park.

RFID Tag: this authenticates the user and calculates the percentage of free parking in the parking.

SOFTWARE CLIENT: this is an app which can be run on Android OS which functions to

reserve the available parking slots. This application can run on 3G/4G network or WDC

connection (Dinhi &Kim, 2017).

Parking Sensors

These sensors will make use of infrared rays and ultrasonic sensors. These sensors

function to sense the area used in parking whether it's empty or occupied. Ultrasonic rays shall be

used to sense that availability of a thing (Car). These will be wireless and shall be connected to

the raspberry pi which shall use the ESP8266 chip. This chip is used as it has the Wi-Fi

connectivity protocol which is integrated with TCP protocol which acts as a Wi-Fi controller.

These sensors shall be connected to a source which has a voltage of 5V (Botta et al. 2014, and

pp23-30).

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Figure 1: Smart Parking

The proposed Architecture

This part shall discuss the high model proposed model as well as a mathematical model.

The parking proposed shall consist of various parts which act to synchronize other nodes (Botta,

et al. 2014, and pp23-30).

Symbol

meaning

Parking time

Car number plate

User ID

Parking slot

Driver

Occupancy rate

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Input Function

Output Function

Computation Function

Identity Function

Mi 􀄺 X(T,C,P,U,S) // Driver provides input to the input

Function

X()􀄺F(S,T) // Input function notifies the computation

Function

X()􀄺I(P,C,U) // Input function notifies the identity function

Oi= F(S,T)􀄺Y() // Computation function notifies the output

Function and the resultant is stored in form of the occupancy

rate.

Research Question, Aim/Objectives, and Sub-goals

The current research shall answer the following questions

1. What is the framework for Smart IoT parking system?

2. What are the sensors used in IoT smart parking system?

Research Objectives

1. To find out the requirements of IoT smart parking

2. To investigate the critical drivers of IoT smart parking

3. To find out the benefits of IoT Smart parking

4. To investigate the service cape of IoT smart parking

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Theoretical Content/Methodology

This piece of work uses the IoT platforms as well as other applications which have been

set by Cloud-based systems. There are some facts which need be tested. This piece of work shall

test the facts in a theoretical approach. The sensors used in the IoT parking systems shall be

tested as well as other IoT innovations such as the Google and Apple IoT innovations. The theory

behind these innovations shall be used as the background of this research.

Risk Analysis, Results, Outcome, and Relevance

Apparently, companies/industries keep their data safe, and the researcher shall pursue the

ethics and code of any given research. There shall be no sharing of data to other companies, and

the questionnaires shall be distorted once the research has concluded. The interview recorded

shall also be destroyed by referencing them in a virus mode to distort them permanently. This

shall be done to secure the involved companies data from getting out of hand. This research shall

use variables such as time, money paid, user ID, Parking slot, an input function, output function

and identity functions (Balton et al., 2011). These variables are linearly dependent, and they can

never be concurrent other than run consecutively as they depend on each other. Some of the

devices are delicate and thus shall be handled with care, accidents can also occur in the service

cape, and thus there is the need to seek medical cover before undertaking the research. The

internet rays can also result in long-term effects, and therefore the researcher has to take

precautions by avoiding long duration exposure.

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Any risk or hazard related to this work? What data etc. will you be working with, which

variables and parameters, and what type of results do you want to investigate. Then go on to try

and project the sort of outcome you are interested in and of course ultimately what the relevance

of that is.

Project Planning and Gantt Chart

21-Mar-18 31-Mar-18 10-Apr-18 20-Apr-18 30-Apr-18 10-May-18

Start Date

Duration

Conclusions

The idea of smart cities has been a dream, but with this proposal, it is going to be a

reality. Conclusively, the critical drivers for smart parking are the challenges faced by urban

livability, the transport sector, and environmental conservation measures. The primary goal of

smart car parking is to facilitate in the production sector and elicit of services. There are benefits

which follow the smart parking such as lowering fuel cost as fluctuation due to oil dependency

will be very minimal and the addition of value in the revenue sector. The proposed algorithm and

mathematical formulae integrate with the proposed smart parking system. The RFID system has

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also shortened the waiting time, and thus it is economical. The use of mobile application

architecture will unveil the idea to a reality. This piece of paper has discussed IoT smart parking

which is based on cloud services. The system proposed here involves real-time info pertaining

the available parking slots. The users can book a slot from any given area. The steps and

procedures used in this piece of work are feasible and not much costly.

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References

Botta, A., de Donato, W., Persico, V., & Pescapé, A. (2014, August). On the Integration of Cloud

Computing and Internet of Things. In the Future Internet of Things and Cloud (FiCloud),

2014 International Conference on (pp. 23-30). IEEE.

Dinh, T. and Kim, Y. (2016). A Novel Location-Centric IoT-Cloud Based On-Street Car Parking

Violation Management System in Smart Cities. Sensors, 16(6), p.810.

Farheem (2016). IOT Based Application for Smart City Implementation. International Journal of

Modern Trends in Engineering & Research, 3(9), pp.146-149.

Fox, G. C., Kamburugamuve, S., & Hartman, R. D. (2012, May). Architecture and measured

characteristics of a cloud based internet of things. In Collaboration Technologies and

Systems (CTS), 2012 International Conference on (pp. 6-12). IEEE.

International Parking Institute, “2012 Emerging Trends in Parking”. [7] Ballon, P., Glidden, J.,

Kranas, P., Menychtas, A., Ruston, S., & Van Der Graaf, S. (2011, October). Is there a

Need for a Cloud Platform for European Smart Cities?. In challenges e-2011 Conference

Proceedings, IIMC International Information Management Corporation.

Rico, J., Sancho, J., Cendon, B., & Camus, M. (2013, March). Parking easier by using context

information of a smart city: Enabling fast search and management of parking resources. In

Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA), 2013 27

International Conference on (pp. 1380-1385). IEEE.

Tsirmpas, C., Anastasiou, A., Bountris, P., & Koutsouris, D. A new method for profile generation

in an Internet of Things environment: An application in ambient assisted living.

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Zheng, Y., Rajasegarar, S., & Leckie, C. (2015, April). Parking availability prediction for sensor-

enabled car parks in smart cities. In Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information

Processing (ISSNIP), 2015 IEEE Tenth International Conference on (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

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