Joseph Keher - Research Project Dissertation

An evaluation of the ABC

PocketPhonics application as a

resource for teaching phonics to

underachieving year 3 pupils.

Joe Keher

February 2012

Abstract

This research seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of the iPad application, ABC

Pocket Phonics as a resource for teaching phonics to underachieving year three pupils.

This was achieved by assessing pupils’ current working levels; delivering three ten

minute phonics sessions using ABC Pocket Phonics; and finally, by re-assessing the

pupils’ and establishing their progress. The data showed that the pupils’ phonological

knowledge improved significantly after the iPad sessions. This data was compared with

the learning progress made in-class, using traditional resources. It shows that, given the

same average learning time per sound, the pupils made more progress using ABC

PocketPhonics than in their ordinary lessons. The teaching and learning advantages,

limitations, and potential applications of this resource are identified and explored.

Introduction and context

The use of tablet computers, such as the iPad, as a resource for teaching and

learning in literacy is becoming increasingly popular in primary schools in the USA and

UK (Warschauer, 2011; Friend, 2012). In the near future, it seems likely that tablet PCs

will follow the trend of PCs, interactive whiteboards and laptop computers; becoming a

commonplace resource in the classroom. However, there is very little research that

focuses on the effectiveness of tablet computers or their software in an educational

setting. The purpose of this paper is not only to evaluate a learning resource, but to

consider the suitability of this resource as one that may, in the near future, be a

fundamental element of the teaching and learning of early reading across our education

system.

This research was conducted in two schools that are both based in the North West

of England. School A has 403 mixed gender pupils, 14 teaching staff and 14 classroom

support staff. The percentage of pupils eligible for free school meals is very low and

pupils attend from an advantaged socio-economic area. School B has 156 mixed gender

pupils, 7 teaching staff and 4 classroom support staff. The proportion of pupils eligible for

free school meals is above average. Both schools use interactive whiteboards in all

classrooms and pupils have access to at least 2 computers per classroom. ABC

PocketPhonics is currently being used in over 12,000 schools in the USA, and has over

197,500 purchases in the UK (Friend, 2012), please see appendix 1 for screen shots.

Literature Review

Research into the general effectiveness of technology in enhancing teaching and

learning in the classroom is extensive. Neil Selwyn’s (2011) publication summarises and

considers the key issues and opinions surrounding education and technology. He suggests

that “most people in education consider digital technology and learning to be inextricably

linked” (2011, 66). This argument is supported from various perspectives such as the

behaviourist, cognitive, and constructivist

. Unfortunately, it is widely argued (Bell et al,

2009; Cuban et al,2001; Shapley et al, 2010 ) that due to a lack of pedagogical knowledge

and understanding, and other circumstantial barriers, the integration and application of

technology in learning environments falls below proponents’ expectations.

Hew and Brush’s study (2007) regarding the integration of technology into the

education system, provides an excellent contextual review of the benefits, limitations, and

pedagogical issues associated with ICT systems in the classroom. This study also

identifies current knowledge gaps and makes recommendations for further research,

where they touch upon the use of hand-held digital devices in the classroom. They argue

that regardless of educators opinions, if research demonstrates that digital resources (such

as the iPad) can be used to “enhance or reinforce skills, enrich current topics, or extend

ideas beyond current levels”, then these should be developed and utilised as extensively

as any other commonplace teaching resource or strategy (Hew & Brush, 2007: 245). With

See Selwyn (2011, 66-76) for full summary of these perspectives.

this established, Hew and Brush’s recommendations were that more research was needed

to determine the effectiveness of technology in education, and its potential applications.

Using databases such as Academic Search Premier, JSTOR, and Web of

Knowledge, I conducted a comprehensive literature search that included several

combinations of key words such as: “iPad”, “technology” “phonics”, “tablet PC”,

“reading”, “learning”, “primary” and “Classroom”. Although there are some non-

empirical studies and opinion papers

, the search revealed no previous research on the

iPad or its applications (apps) in the proposed setting. However, Maynard’s research

(2010) investigating the impact of e-books on young children’s reading habits was highly

relevant to the development of this research project. Maynard found that the reluctant

readers were motivated to read by the e-books, and were more actively engaged with the

digital texts than their printed counterparts

. This study was among the first to

demonstrate the benefits of learning to read using hand-held, digital devices. Although

the research provided significant indications; the study was too generalised to make any

substantiated recommendations as to the potential of e-readers in an educational context.

In order to be able to evaluate the ABC PocketPhonics app in the proposed

context, it is essential to consider established theories and accepted strategies in quality

phonics teaching and learning approaches. Although Lingard’s text (1997) on good

practise in phonics is dated, it is a highly cited text within its field. The text provided me

with an excellent foundation of knowledge, upon which to begin making considerations

of what constitutes high-quality phonics teaching and learning. This was a crucial element

to the research as a sounds knowledge of current phonological teaching theory is needed

For example Murray & Elcese (2011) ‘Teaching and Learning with iPads, Ready or Not?’ Tech

Trends. 55 (6) 42-48 – a generalised consideration of the the iPad’s capabilities, and a brief

summary of the arguments put forward by the enthusiasts, skeptics, and opponents.

See Verhoeven & Snow (2001) for an extensive analysis of the importance of motivation and

active engagement in learning to read.

to effectively evaluate the app, and in order for the data to be reliable. More recent texts

such as Goouch (2009) and Pennington (2009) allowed me to apply current knowledge

and thinking in the teaching and learning of phonics to the analysis and exploration of my

collected data. These include the significance of the one to one element of the sessions,

the multisensory approach, and the impersonalised learning activities that will be

discussed below.

With regards to developing the methodology to be used, I have largely followed the

recommendations of Punch (2009), Kumar (2011), and Hopkins (2008). These texts were

consulted throughout the data collection process in order to ensure the research was of a

high quality, reliable and valid.

Methodology

The methodology used in the research project has been mixed, as outlined by

Kumar (2011). Firstly, quantative data was collected in the form of summative

assessments. These assessments were carried out on eight pupils from two schools, one

initial assessment, and one final assessment after the series of iPad-led phonics sessions

had been delivered. Secondly, qualitative data was collected in the form of semi-

structured interviews with the class teachers, who spent time using the ABC

PocketPhoinics app, and also observed part of the taught sessions.

The iPad sessions were structured upon the Letters and Sounds framework, as this

is currently used in both participating schools. The pupils were assessed based upon the

Letters and Sounds phrasal progression. ABC PocketPhonics’ content is based upon this

framework and therefore it was easily be integrated into the pupils’ current phonics

knowledge and understanding.

As this is an evaluative research paper, the conclusions and recommendations put

forward will be primarily drawn from the classroom based research. However, highly

relevant qualitative data was also collected in the form of an interview, conducted by

myself, with John Friend (Director of Apps In My Pocket, and developer of ABC

PocketPhonics), and a free response questionnaire completed by a teacher in a school that

adopts a 1:1 pupil to iPad ratio in Scotland, and uses ABC PocketPhonics on a daily basis.

The questionnaire and semi-structured interview questions were aimed at eliciting

stakeholders’ perceived impacts of ABC PocketPhonics on learning and pedagogies, and

perceived difficulties in using iPads in the proposed context. I am confident that this

additional qualitative data will add to the exploration of the application’s benefits and

limitations within the proposed context.

The classroom data was collected from the participating schools in succession

rather than simultaneously. This allowed me to reflect upon the initial iPad sessions and,

if necessary, implement modifications in order to improve the quality of the research.

I considered codifying and editing the collected quantative data, as Punch (2009)

recommends, however, I decided that the data would be concise enough to present in its

entirety, in the form of a two variable data table. With regards to the interviews and

questionnaire, the interview with John friend was recorded, and then separated into key

sections, questions and answers using Audacity audio editing software. This allowed me

to effectively organise and analyse the interview. Text is used to communicate the

qualitative data, and any outstanding themes have been identified and explored, in the

style recommended by Kumar (2011, 292).

Ethical Considerations

The research participants in this project are: the two class teachers from the

participating schools; the pupils who take part in the iPad sessions and assessments; the

teaching staff in Scotland who take part in the survey, and John Friend, developer of ABC

PocketPhonics.

The methods used to collect the classroom data caused no anxiety, risk, or

invasion of privacy greater than that ordinarily encountered in daily life. The class

teachers were asked to approve the session plans before they were to be delivered and I

spent time observing the participants in their normal phonics sessions in order to promote

familiarity with myself in the learning environment.

I was aware of the ethical complications associated with exposing an intervention

to a group of pupils and withholding from others (Oliver, 2010: 33), however, the

constraints of time and resources meant that only a small group of pupils (3-4) would be

able to take part in the iPad sessions. The participating classes contain 3-4 pupils who are

underachieving are currently receiving focused teaching interventions in order to progress

their learning. By collecting data from these pupils I was able to carry out the evaluative

research, whilst providing support to those pupils who need it most, and concurrently

maintaining the ordinary school routine of all pupils in the class.

With regards to collecting the qualitative data, the participants were made aware

of the research aims prior to participation, as recommended by Oliver (2010). Permission

was requested to audio record the interviews, and to present the findings of these, as well

as the free-response questionnaire. The questions were carefully constructed so as not to

influence the participants towards any particular viewpoint, but to allow their personal

thoughts and opinions to be communicated, in contribution to the research.

Data Presentation

Classroom research

As described above, there were a total of eight pupils, from two schools who were

active participants in the classroom research. The pupils were given an initial assessment,

which summarised their current working level within phase three of the Letters and

Sounds programme, consisting of 26 sounds (see appendix 2.1 for list of sounds). As

advised by the class teacher, and supported by Pennington (2009), they were graded from

level 1 to level 5 (see appendix 2.2 for grading criteria).

After this assessment, a series of one-to-one phonics sessions using only the iPad

and ABC PocketPhonics as a resource were delivered to the pupils. During these sessions,

each pupil was only taught their personal 6 sounds, which were identified as their lowest

scoring from the initial assessment. After the iPad sessions, the pupils were assessed

again on all 26 sounds. Tables 1.1 and 1.2 show the assessment data of the 6 taught

sounds for each pupil (see appendix 2.2 for grading criteria.llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll

Table 1.1 – Assessment results from School A

Pupil

Sound

igh

ear

air

ure

ear

air

ure

igh

ure

Initial

Assessment

Final Assessment

Table 1.2 – Assessment results from School B

Pupil

Sound

ear

air

ure

igh

air

ure

Initial

Assessment

Final Assessment

Please see appendix 3 for full assessment data on all 26 sounds

The tables reflect 8 sets of 6 sounds, and the pupils’ levels before and after the

iPad sessions. In order to simplify this data, the changes in the pupils’ levels for the 48

sounds have been grouped into three categories: level improved; level unchanged; and

level decreased. The value of each category is reflected in the figure 2.1 below.

Figure 2.1 – Chart of assessment progress

Sounds addressed in iPad sessions

The full table of results (see appendix 3), shows the initial assessments and final

assessments of all 26 sounds for each pupil. This includes the sounds that were not

addressed in the iPad sessions. Figure 2.2 shows how the pupils’ levels progressed,

showing only data from the sounds that were not addressed in the iPad sessions.

Level Improved, 45, 94%

Level Decreased, 1, 2%

Level Unchanged, 2, 4%

Figure 2.2 – Chart of assessment progress

Sounds not addressed in iPad sessions

Level Improved, 16, 10%

Level Unchanged, 129, 81%

Level Decreased, 15, 9%

Interviews with class teachers from schools A and B.

The post-observation interviews with the two class teachers, one from each

school, were semi-structured, and lasted around fifteen minutes. In school A, the teacher

had observed an entire 10 minute session, and had an opportunity to explore the features

of the app themselves. In school B, the teacher observed two children interacting with the

app, and had an opportunity to explore the features of the app. The interviews revealed

many interesting ideas and opinions about the potential benefits and limitations of the

ABC PocketPhonics app. There were three key themes that stood out from their

responses.

Firstly, both teachers expressed that the app was significantly tailored to suit

personalised learning. Pupils are able to select the sounds they would like to learn or

practise at their own leisure. The teachers observed that, if the app was used consistently

in a classroom setting, it would allow pupils to progress at their own pace: relieving any

fear or pressure associated with making mistakes. Additionally, if the app was to be used

in a whole class setting, teacher A suggested that the app allows teachers to specify which

sounds to focus on in a particular session.

Secondly, both teachers extensively commented on the way in which the app

teaches the recognition of letter sounds simultaneously with the writing of the sounds.

The teachers felt that by learning the necessary handwriting movements associated with

the letter sounds, as well as the recognition of the written/spoken sounds, the children

were engaged at a multi-sensory level, which made them much more likely to retain the

information they were learning.

Finally, both teachers felt that the app was limited in terms of how teachers would

be able to use the application to assess the pupils learning. Teacher B suggested that, once

the pupils had finished using the app “it’s impossible to tell just from the iPad how much

learning has actually taken place”. Both teachers expressed that other forms of assessment

would have to be employed if the app was integrated into schools; the app itself was

unable to provide sufficient feedback on pupil progress.

Free response questionnaire from Teacher of Cedars School of Excellence, Greenock,

Scotland

This questionnaire was issued and returned via email and consisted of 6 key

questions (see appendix 4 for question list). The Cedars Teacher was able to confirm that

the school employs a 1:1 pupil to iPad ratio, and that the school uses ABC PocketPhonics

on a daily basis. The Cedars Teacher felt that the app in itself is incapable of providing

assessment data, although, they stated that they are “not looking to do that on the iPad”.

In order to establish pupils’ current working levels and targets, the teacher uses a

combination of observations, and written phonics tests.

The Cedars Teacher was able to provide information regarding why the school

chose ABC PocketPhonics, over the other 378 apps specifically associated with phonics

Henceforth to be referred to as: Cedars Teacher.

The Cedars Teacher stated that other apps “were either American, too complex, too

simple or difficult to use”, and that ABC PocketPhonics was chosen because “it allows

you to choose between different scripts, it's fun, it's easy for the pupils to master, it has

good progression and it's well made (never crashes!)”. This statement introduced the

consideration of the apps ability to function and operate effectively, a potential limitation

of technology in the classroom. If the app “crashed” on a regular basis it would be

ineffective, regardless of its other successful elements.

Interview with John Friend, Director of Apps in My Pocket, and developer of ABC

PocketPhonics

Friend was able to provide the research with a unique insight into the attitudes and

beliefs that lead to the development of the ABC PocketPhonics app. He also expressed his

opinion on the benefits of technology in the classroom, and the future potential of ABC

PocketPhonics in the education system (see appendix 5 for interview questions and

notes).

When asked about what makes the app a successful learning resource, Friend

explained that a key element of the app’s effectiveness was, unlike other educational apps

that are heavily focused on gameplay, its sound educational basis. The app is founded on

the synthetic phonics system, which is largely accepted as the most effective method of

teaching and learning in early reading. Additionally, it became apparent from the

interview that, the app is constantly being updated and improved upon. The

improvements that are made are a direct result of feedback from teachers who use the app

in an educational setting. An example of this is found in the new version of the app.

Friend explained that many users’ feedback commented upon the lack of assessment in

the app (as also expressed in the interviews and questionnaire above), and therefore the

Based on a search for “phonics” using the iTunes App Store, 4 December 2011

new version of the app has a specific feature designed to assess learners success in

writing and recognising phonics (see appendix 6 for screenshot of the new version).

Friend expressed that, in comparison to the USA, the UK has drastically fewer

iPads in schools being used as learning tools. He felt that, as an educational system, the

UK is greatly missing out on an opportunity to provide a higher quality learning

experience for children, and teaching experience for practitioners. Friend also pointed out

that the app has currently 200,000 downloads in the UK, and the majority of these users

are likely to be upper-middle class families who can afford to provide their children with

the devices to use the app, as well as parents who are actively involved in the education of

their children, and recognise the potential of ABC PocketPhonics. “These advantaged

children will be coming to school already being able to recognise and write phonics,

pulling further and further away from the less advantaged children” (Friend, 2012), this

suggests that, if this learning resource is so effective, it should be made available to all

children, regardless of their soci-economic stature.

Analysis and Evaluation

It is important to establish the parameters and potential limitations of the research

project, in order to provide effective commentary on the collected data. The sample, from

which the data is yielded, is very low, even to be considered a significant representative

of the local population. Schools A and B have relatively similar demographics, socio-

economic foundations, and are less than 10 miles apart. Therefore the ability to make

broader generalisations about the population, based on these results, is significantly

reduced. Moreover, any suggestions, implications or recommendations drawn from this

data must be considered as indicative rather than conclusive. Upon reflection, a similar

research strategy would yield much more accurate, significant data, if it were to use a

sample of at least 100 pupils, from varied geographic locations, and of differing economic

stature. However, the time and resources for such research were beyond the scope of this

paper; the data gathered is yielded from a sound research strategy, and a valid

combination of methodologies.

In analysing the assessment data gathered from the iPad sessions, it is important to

consider both the progress that the pupils made on the 48 sounds that were focussed on

(figure 2.1), and the progress made on the other 160 sounds from the phase (figure 2.2)

that were not addressed in the sessions. The pupils’ levels had improved in 95% of the

sounds addressed, using only the iPad and ABC PocketPhonics. This strongly indicates

that when an underachieving year 3 pupil uses ABC PocketPhonics, the pupil’s

knowledge and understanding of phonics progresses very rapidly, highlighting the

effectiveness of the app as a learning resource. It must be acknowledged that, as Kaye

(2007) points out, there are many advantages to one-to-one teaching, and it could be

argued that this is a primary reason that the pupils levels progressed so rapidly. However,

this argument is discounted, as the sessions deliberately had minimal input or direction

from the teacher. The same pupil activity could have taken place in a full class of pupils

with one teacher, as it does successfully in Cedars School of Excellence.

When comparing figures 2.1 and 2.2, the learning time made available to the

pupils in sessions and in class is significant. Each pupil used ABC PocketPhonics to

practise 6 sounds in 30 minutes, an average of 5 minutes per sound. The pupils’ levels

improved in 94% of these sounds. Given the same amount of time

in their ordinary

lessons, using traditional resources

, only 10% of the sounds that were not addressed in

the iPad sessions had improved; 84% less than those taught using ABC PcketPhonics. The

data therefore suggests that, when given the same amount of time, the pupils of this study

In schools A, and B, the class teacher was also teaching the participating pupils phase 3

Letters and Sounds phonics, for 5 hours per week. During the two week period in which

the iPad sessions took place, the pupils took part in a total of 20 hours of classroom

phonics lessons, in which they had a total of 120 sounds to learn. On average this is 5

minutes per sound.

These included: teaching assistants, interactive whiteboards, mini whiteboards,

worksheets, workbooks, outdoor area, pencils and paper.

were significantly more successful after using ABC PocketPhonics, than learning with

traditional classroom resources.

Clearly there are other factors that may affect the pupils’ learning in this study

such as their own learning styles, the quality of their phonics lesson, the assessment

process and other circumstantial elements. Regardless of these other factors, the data

clearly suggests that in this case, the pupils learning excelled when using ABC

PocketPhonics. With this established, the quantative and qualitative data can now be used

to evaluate other important qualities of the app as a resource for teaching phonics to

underachieving year 3 pupils.

As pointed out by Teachers A and B, Cedars Teacher, and John Friend, when

children use ABC PocketPhonics they are engaged and motivated. Murdoch and Wilson

(2008: 35) argue that this engagement and motivation means the pupils “are more likely

to stay on task, accept challenges and remain motivated”. From my own observations I

found there were several reasons for this motivation and engagement. The pupils were

intrigued by the iPad and the idea of using it in school as a learning tool; they were

instantly willing and eager to actively participate in learning. Additionally, the app itself

is highly visual and interactive, and contained many animations and incentives that made

it enjoyable to use.

This enthusiasm that the app creates is combined with a focused multisensory

learning approach. The pupils learned the new sounds through visual, auditory, tactile and

kinaesthetic modalities. Established multisensory learning theory suggests that the more

the senses are stimulated, the greater the efficiency of processing and retaining

information (Montessori, 1967; Orton, 1937). Through this multisensory approach, ABC

PocketPhonics provides a flexible platform that meets the diverse social, cultural and

intellectual diversity of the pupils to maximize learning effectiveness (Tardi et al; 2006),

and this is reflected in the presented data.

The data collected from the teacher interviews, Cedars questionnaire, and session

observations showed that a significant flaw of ABC PocketPhonics was its inability to

provide any form of assessment data on pupils’ progress. Wray (2002) states, “effective

teachers [have] very clear assessment procedures, usually involving a great deal of

focussed observation and systematic record keeping”. This is directly in line with Cedar

Teacher’s assessment methods, which are used effectively in conjunction with the app. As

the literature review reflected, a key argument for technology in the classroom is to save

valuable time; this argument was also supported by John Friend. If the app were to be

used in a whole-class setting, the practitioner would still need to set aside substantial time

to perform observations of all pupils, as well as summative and formative assessments.

However, a unique aspect of the use of application as a learning resource is in its ability

to change and adapt in response to feedback from its users. The interview with Friend

revealed that since the research for this paper took place, a new version of the app, ABC

PocketPhonics Version 2.0, has been released. The new version contains many new

features, including instant assessment scores for each sound that a pupil is learning (see

appendix 6).

The classroom application of this new feature has the potential to save significant

teaching time, as groups of sounds can be assessed at a glance. Friend explained that the

changes in Version 2.0 were made in direct response to the feedback received from

teachers and parents who use the app. This is a substantial, unique aspect of this learning

resource that is not possible in other traditional learning tools.

With ABC PocketPhonics,

the software is constantly being improved upon in direct relation to teacher feedback, and

simply requires 60 seconds to update the software for the pupils to receive the most

current, effective learning opportunities available.

When a traditional learning resource becomes out-dated, they can be disposed of and

replaced; although, due to budget restrictions this very often is impossible, and so pupils

continue to receive a known lower quality learning experience, which is unacceptable.

When considering this data alongside the current literature discussed above, there

are some interesting comparisons. For example, Murray and Olcese (2011, 48) concluded

that they could not “point to a single application that steps up to modern understandings

of how people learn”; the data I have collected strongly opposes their findings. After

using ABC PocketPhonics for only a few minutes, it is clear to anyone vaguely familiar

with “modern understandings of how people learn”, that sound educational theory, based

on synthetic phonics and a multisensory learning approach, has been integrated into the

development and design of every feature of this learning resource. The data collected in

this paper strongly coincides with Hew and Brush’s (2007) views on technology’s ability

to “enhance or reinforce skills, enrich current topics, or extend ideas beyond current

levels” (Hew & Brush, 2007: 245), as discussed in the literature review.

There are other areas in the evaluation of this app that need to be addressed, but

that are beyond the scope of this paper. For example, although there are some variable

settings in the app such as the font style and learning foci, the principle learning activities

are impossible to differentiate. There is strong evidence

to suggest that the highly

interactive and multisensory interface would accommodate most learning styles, however

further research would be necessary to establish how pupils with different learning styles

or learning difficulties would respond to ABC PocketPhonics.

Conclusions and implications

Garthwait & Weller (2005) argue that new technology, such as the iPad, when

integrated into our educational system, changes the dynamics of the learning

environment. If the success of this app is recognised, and adopted by schools, this would

inevitably bring about new barriers to learning associated with its application. Further

See Farrel (2012) for recommendations of effective teaching practise of children with dyslexia

and other learning difficulties; many of Farrel’s recommendations are directly in-line with the

learning strategies employed by ABC PockePhonics.

research should be conducted to establish how pupils with different learning styles or

learning difficulties would respond to ABC PocketPhonics, and strategies should be

formulated to overcome potential barriers to learning associated with its use.

The purpose of this research paper was to establish the effectiveness of ABC

PocketPhonics as a resource for teaching phonics to underachieving year 3 pupils. The

data showed how pupils’ knowledge of phonics improved in 94% of sounds after just 30

minutes of usage, with no direction or input from a teacher, compared to the 10%

improvement achieved in ordinary lessons. Experienced teachers commented extensively

on the effectiveness of the app as a learning resource, and observed its limitations with

regards to assessment. Friend revealed that these limitations have been addressed, and

rectified, exemplifying the resources unique ability to constantly improve as a result of

teachers’ feedback. Based on the outcomes of this research, it seems clear that ABC

PocketPhonics can be used to great effect when used as a resource for, not only teaching

underachieving year 3 pupils, but for all early reading learners.

References

Bell, L., Schrum, L., & Thimpson, A. D. (2009) Framing research on technology and

student learning in the content area: implications for educators. Alabama: Information

Age Publishing.

Cuban, L., Kirkpatrick, H., Peck, C. (2001) ‘High access and low use of technologies in

high school classrooms: explaining an apparent paradox’ American Educational Research

Journal 38 (4) 813-834.

Farrel, M. (2012) The effective teacher's guide to dyslexia and other learning difficulties

(learning disabilities): practical strategies. 2

Ed. London: Routledge.

Friend, J. ABC PocketPhonics in schools. Telephone interview by: Keher, J.,Edge Hill

University, Ormskirk, U.K. 01 February 2012.

Garthwait, A., & Weller, H. G. (2005) ‘A year in the life: Two seventh grade teachers

implement one-to-one computing’ Journal of Research on Technology in Education.

37(4) 361–377.

Goouch, K., & Lambirth, A. (2009) Teaching early reading and phonics: creative

approaches to early literacy. London: Sage Publications.

Hew, K. F., & Brush, T. (2007) ‘Integrating technology into K-12 teaching and learning: current

knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research’ Educational Technology, research and

Development. 55(3), 223–252.

Johnston, R., & Watson, J. (2007). Teaching synthetic phonics. UK: Learning Matters Ltd.

Kaye, P. (2007) ‘Teaching one to one’ Teaching English. British Council, BBC World

Service. http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/articles/teaching-one-one. (Accessed 10

December 2011)

Lingard, T. (1997) ‘Making Phonics Work: Its role within literacy acceleration’ Literacy –

Oxford. 31 (3) 43.

Maynard, S. (2010) ‘The Impact of e-Books on Young Children’s Reading

Habits’ Publishing Research Quarterly . 26 (4) 236-248.

Montessori, M. (1967). The absorbent mind. (C.A. Claremont, Trans). New York: Holt,

Rinehart and Wilson.

Murray, O. T., & Olcese, N. R. (2011) ‘Teaching and Learning with iPads, Ready or

Not?’ Tech Trends. 55 (6) 42-48

Oliver, P. (2010) Student's Guide to Research Ethics. 2

ed. Maidenhead: Open

University Press

Orton, S. T. (1937). Reading, writing and speech problems in children: A presentation of

certain types of Disorders in the development of the language faculty. New York: W. W.

Norton.

Pennington, M. (2009) Phonemic Awareness and Phonics Toolkit. California: Pennington

Publishing.

Selwyn, N. (2011) Education and Technology: Key Issues and Debates. London:

Continuum.

Shapley, K., Sheehan, D., Maloney, C., Caranikas-Walker, F. (2010) ‘Effects of

technology immersion on teachers’ growth in technology competency, ideology, and

practices’ Journal of Educational Computing Research. 42 (1) 1-33.

Tardi, S., Catarina, M., & Goldstein, M. (2006) 'Maximizing Teaching and Learning

Effectiveness' International Journal Of Learning. 12 (11) 79-83.

Verhoeven, L., & Snow, C. E. (2001). Literacy and motivation: Bridging cognitive and

sociocultural viewpoints. In L. Verhoeven & C. Snow (Eds.), Literacy and motivation:

reading engagement in individuals and groups (pp. 1–23). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence

Erlbaum.

Wray, D (2004) Teaching Literacy Effectively In The Primary School. Taylor & Francis

Routledge, eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost, viewed 4 January 2012.

Appendix 1

ABC Pocket

Phonics

screenshots

Appendix 2

Appendix 2.1 - Phase 3 Sounds

igh

ear

air

ure

Appendix2.2 - Phonics Assessment grading Criteria

Level 1

The pupil is able to recite the sound independently, correctly and confidently, with little

or no hesitation.

Level 2

The pupil is able to recite the sound independently and correctly but is significantly

hesitant.

Level 3

The pupil is able to recite the sound, but has required minor prompting – may have had

incorrect attempt.

Level 4

The pupil is able to recite the sound, perhaps after an incorrect attempt, but has required

significant support and prompting.

Level 5

The pupil has been unable to recite the sound, even after significant support and

prompting

Appendix 3

Full assessment results, see appendix 2.2 for grading criteria.

Key

Level Unchanged

Level Improved

Level Decreased

Independant

Hesitant

Prompt

Support

Unacheived

Practised

Pupil

Sound

Initial

Assessme

Session 1

Session 2

Session 3

Re-

Assessme

Initial

Assessme

Session 1

Session 2

Session 3

Re-

Assessme

Initial

Assessme

Session 1

Session 2

Session 3

Re-

Assessme

Initial

Assessme

Session 1

Session 2

Session 3

Re-

Assessme

j 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

v 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1

w 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1

x 1 1 4 x x x 1 3 x x 1 3 x x x 1

y 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

z 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1

zz 1 1 1 1 3 x x x 1 1 1

qu 2 x x x 1 4 x x x 1 1 1 3 x x x 1

ch 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

sh 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 1

th 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1

ng 1 1 4 4 2 x x x 1 4 1

ai 2 2 5 x x x 3 1 3 1 2

ee 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

igh 4 x x x 1 2 1 1 1 3 x x x 1

oa 5 x x x 1 4 4 4 x x x 1 3 x x x 3

oo 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 x x x 1

ar 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2

or 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3

ur 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2

ow 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1

oi 1 1 5 x x x 3 4 x x x 1 1 1

ear 4 x x x 1 4 x x x 2 1 1 1 1

air 4 x x x 2 5 x x x 1 1 1 1 1

ure 3 x x x 1 4 3 2 x x x 1 4 x x x 1

er 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

School A

School B

Appendix 4

Open response questionnaire from a Teacher at Cedars School of Excellence, Greenock,

Scotland 02/02/12.

1. What year groups use ABC PocketPhonics?

We use it with Primary 1 and 2 (5 and 6 year olds)

2. How often is ABC PocketPhonics used in class?

Initially on entry to Primary 1 used pocketphonics every day to

reinforce the new letter we were learning. I did from the Aug-Dec and

now I use it less frequently as we have learned all letters. I'll ask

children to spend some time practicing letters they are unfamiliar

with or to play the word games.

3. Do the children usually choose which sounds they would like to

practise, or are they specified by the teacher?

Initially the sounds we specified by me but now they are free to do

whichever letters they choose.

4. How is the progress of the pupils using the app assessed?

I assess them through observation - I only have 7 pupils in my class

so it's easy to do! I have a written phonics test which I do and then

from there I give them target letters to work on when using Pocket

Phonics.

5. The app store is crowded with reading and writing educational

apps - why does your school choose to use ABC PocketPhonics?

We looked at quite a few different phonics apps but they were either

American, too complex, too simple or difficult to use. We chose ABC

PocketPhonics because it allows you to choose between different

scripts, it's fun, it's easy for the pupils to master, it has good

progression and it's well made (never crashes!)

6. With regards to teaching, learning and assessment, what do you

consider are the limitations of ABC PocketPhonics?

I use ABC PocketPhonics along-side my regular phonics work in class. I

use it in addition to workbooks, games and songs so it's just another

tool. I don't consider there to be any limitations of the app as it

does exactly what I want and the children love it. I still use my

regular methods of assessment and am not looking to do that on the

ipad.

Appendix 5

Key questions and notes from semi-structured interview with John Friend.

What do you think are the main strengths of pocket phonics - in terms of children learning

to read, and early reading.

- What is it about the app that works so well in getting children to learn the sounds?

Some argue that technology can do things better/worse than traditional resources

(whiteboards, worksheets, flashcards)

Some argue that technology like the iPad, not only does things better, but lets teachers

and learners do things that would not have otherwise been possible at all.

- Do you agree? - What are you’re thoughts on technology in the classroom in education?

I know there has been a new verion of the app recently – what changes have been made

since the version I tested out, and why?

All the teachers who saw me using the app with the kids loved it and had nothing but

positive things to say – extremely visual, interactive, appeals to many different learning

styles.

 If the government says – from now on every pupil is getting an ipad in schools,

and the ipads need Pocketphonics – are there any changes (unlimited budget) you would

make to the app for a school specific version?

What are you’re plans for the the future of apps in my pocket and pocket phonics?

Appendix 6

ABC PocketPhonics Version 2.0 – assessment overview screenshot.

Please note – some colour has been removed from screenshot.

Appendix 7

Research Proposal

An evaluation of the ABC Pocket Phonics iPad

application as a resource for teaching phonics to under-

achieving year 3 pupils.

1. Abstract

The use of tablet computers such as the iPad as a resource for teaching and learning

in literacy is becoming increasingly popular in primary schools in the USA and UK

(Warschauer, 2011). In the near future, it seems likely that tablet PCs will follow the

trend of PCs, interactive whiteboards and laptop computers; becoming a commonplace

resource in the classroom. However, there is very little research that focuses on the

effectiveness of tablet computers or their software in an educational setting.

This research will seek to evaluate the effectiveness of the iPad application, ABC

Pocket Phonics as a resource for teaching phonics to under-achieving year three pupils. It

will attempt to do this by assessing pupils’ current working levels; delivering three ten

minute phonics sessions using ABC Pocket Phonics; and finally assessing the pupils’

progress. The teaching and learning advantages and limitations of this resource will be

identified and explored.

2. Context

The research will be conducted in two schools that are both based in the North West

of England. School A has 403 mixed gender pupils, 14 teaching staff and 14 classroom

support staff. The percentage of pupils eligible for free school meals is very low and

pupils attend from an advantaged socio-economic area. School B has 156 mixed gender

pupils, 7 teaching staff and 4 classroom support staff. The proportion of pupils eligible for

free school meals is above average. Both schools use interactive whiteboards in all

classrooms and pupils have access to at least 2 computers per classroom.

3. Proposed Methodology

The methodology to be used will be mixed as outlined by Kumar (20110): firstly,

quantative data will be collected in the form of summative assessments carried out on

four pupils before and after the delivery of the iPad sessions; secondly, qualitative data

will be collected in the form of interviews, questionnaires and session observations from

the class teacher. A teacher will also be interviewed from a school in Scotland that has a

1:1 pupil to iPad ratio, and uses ABC Pocket Phonics on a daily basis. The interviews will

contain semi-structured questions aimed at eliciting stakeholders’ perceived learning

outcomes and impacts of ABC Pocket Phonics on learning and pedagogies, and perceived

difficulties in using iPads in the proposed context.

The iPad sessions will be based upon the Letters and Sounds framework, as this is

currently used in both participating schools. The pupils will be assessed based upon the

Letters and Sounds phrasal progression. ABC Pocket Phonics’ content is based upon this

framework and therefore can easily be integrated into the pupil’s current phonics

Although the effectiveness of ABC Pocket Phonics will largely be reflected in the

quantative data, I decided to use the mixed methodology approach because the

exploration of the application’s benefits and limitations will be most effectively

represented through the qualitative research.

The data will be collected from the participating schools in succession rather than

simultaneously. This will allow me to reflect upon the initial iPad sessions and, if

necessary, implement modifications in order to improve the quality of the research.

I considered codifying and editing the quantities data to be collected, as Punch

(2009) recommends, however, I decided that the data would be concise enough to present

in its entirety, in the form of a two variable bar chart. Text and polyvariate tables will be

used to communicate the qualitative data.

4. Ethical Considerations

The research participants in this project are: the two class teachers from the

participating schools; the pupils who will be subject to the iPad sessions and assessments;

and the teaching staff from Cedars School of Excellence, Greenock, Scotland.

The methods in which data is to be collected will cause no anxiety, risk, or invasion

of privacy greater than that ordinarily encountered in daily life. Steps have been taken in

order to ensure participants’ safety. The class teachers have been asked to approve the

session plans before they are to be delivered and I have spent time observing the

participants in their normal phonics sessions in order to promote familiarity with myself

in the learning environment.

I was aware of the ethical complications associated with exposing and intervention to

a group of pupils and not others, however, the constraints of time and resources meant

that only a small group of pupils (3-4) would be able to take part in the iPad sessions.

The participating classes contain 3-4 pupils who are underachieving are currently

receiving focused teaching interventions in order to progress their learning. By collecting

data from these pupils I will be able to carry out the evaluative research, whilst providing

support to those pupils who need it most, and concurrently maintaining the ordinary

school routine of all pupils in the class.

5. Indicative Bibliography

Hew and Brush’s study (2007) regarding the integration of technology into the

education system, provided me with an excellent contextual review of the benefits,

limitations, and pedagogical issues associated with, in particular, ICT systems in the

classroom. This study was also concerned with identifying current knowledge gaps,

which was highly relevant to the formation of this research project.

Although Lingard’s text (1997) on good practise in phonics is dated, it is a highly

cited text within this topic.. The text provided me with an excellent foundation of

knowledge, upon which to begin making considerations of a high-quality, iPad-led

phonics session. This is a crucial element to the research as the general teaching standard

needs to be of considerable quality in order for the data to be reliable.

The research of Li et al (2009) into the use of tablet PCs as a tool for empowering

student learning contained some very relevant findings that will be referred to throughout

the project. This was the only research I was able to find that was specifically related to

this topic, which was part of a journal with an impact factor above 1.2.

With regards to developing the methodology to be used, I have largely followed the

recommendations of Punch (2009), Kumar (2011), and Hopkins (2008). These will also

be consulted throughout the data collection process in order to ensure the research is

quality, reliable and valid.

6. Expected Conclusions

Based on the extensive research into effective strategies in accelerating progress in

phonics teaching (Lingard, 1997) there is much evidence to suggest that ABC Pocket

Phonics will prove to be successful as a teaching intervention for these year 3 pupils.

Place new order. It's free, fast and safe

Paper type

Deadline

Page count

550 words

Total price: $ 15.00

Our customers say

Jeff Curtis

USA, Student

"I'm fully satisfied with the essay I've just received. When I read it, I felt like it was exactly what I wanted to say, but couldn’t find the necessary words. Thank you!"

Ian McGregor

UK, Student

"I don’t know what I would do without your assistance! With your help, I met my deadline just in time and the work was very professional. I will be back in several days with another assignment!"

Shannon Williams

Canada, Student

"It was the perfect experience! I enjoyed working with my writer, he delivered my work on time and followed all the guidelines about the referencing and contents."