Literature Review - Catechins

Running head: CATECHINS: LITERATURE REVIEW 1

Catechins: Literature Review

Name of Author

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CATECHINS: LITERATURE REVIEW 2

Catechins: Literature Review

Sugita, M., Kapoor, M., Nishimura, A., & Okubo, T. (2016). Influence of Green Tea Catechins

on Oxidative Stress Metabolites at Rest and During Exercise in Healthy

Humans. Nutrition, 32(3), 321-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2015.09.005

Description of the Article

This article by Sugita, Kapoor, Nishimura, and Okubo (2016) focuses on the extent to

which green tea catechins (GTC) can affect the functionality of metabolites experiencing

oxidative stress. It uses two parameters which involve ‘at rest’ and ‘during exercise’

considerations to measure this on healthy humans. Some of the investigated elements encompass

the ratings of perceived exertion, the concentrations of blood lactate, and responses to fat

metabolism. The basis of the study lies on the effects of exercise on antioxidant levels as well as

the way green tea affects the performance on exercises, and ultimately fat metabolism. Thus, the

authors indicate that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), gets linked to the maximization of lipid

oxidation while performing aerobic exercises. Nonetheless, the authors still indicate that further

studies into the effects of GTC ‘at rest’ and ‘during exercise’ still need further investigation.

Methods

The authors use 16 trained male gymnasts in a randomized, paralleled, and crossover

controlled experiment. The study population is randomly divided into exercise and rest groups

with the latter receiving a 780 mg GTC single dose alongside water, but without exercise while

the former took a similar dose with the instruction to exercise. The last group was placebo and

therefore received water without GTC. After 60 minutes and 120 minutes respectively, blood

samples were collected from all the participants. Two groups of oxidative stress blood

biomarkers were then analyzed. The first of these was the diacron reactive oxygen metabolite (d-

CATECHINS: LITERATURE REVIEW 3

ROMs). The second involved the biological antioxidant potential (BAP) tests, which

encompassed urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG); 8-OHdG/creatinine; and blood

lactate concentrations. The experiment further took measurements of maximal oxygen uptake,

respiratory exchange ratio, and amounts of carbon dioxide in the processes of low, moderate, and

high intensity exercise schedules. These calculations were then used to determine the level to

which sugar was consumed and fats burnt down, as well as calculate the divergence of

comparative statistical significance among the groups that were involved.

Results

In both the placebo groups and the GTC exercise groups, significant levels of metabolites

BAP and d-ROMs were found. However, these would later return to their original limits as they

were before the exercises and before recovery. In the GTC-NEX group, d-ROMs levels achieved

insignificant differences after the resting and recovery periods. However, GTC intake influenced

BAP levels significantly (P ¼ 0.04) when followed by a resting period and even after the resting

recovery period (P ¼ 0.0006) in the GTC-NEX group. All groups achieved significant levels of

Urinary 8-OHdG (P < 0.005). BAP and d-ROMs (P ¼ 0.022) both experienced significant

differences in the ratios of resting. In sum, low and moderate intensity exercise resulted in

significant oxidative potentials and higher fat oxidation with varying cases of lower blood lactate

concentration.

Haramizu, S., Ota, N., Hase, T., & Murase, T. (2013). Catechins Suppress Muscle

Inflammation and Hasten Performance Recovery after Exercise. Medicine & Science

in Sports & Exercise, 45(9), 1694-1702.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31828de99f

Description of the Article

CATECHINS: LITERATURE REVIEW 4

This article by Haramizu, Ota, Hase, and Murase (2013) opens by recognizing the

abundance of catechins in green tea and the viability of the utilization of their biological

potentials in clinical applications. The authors review the possible gains of consuming catechins

to assist in the recovery of physical energy after running downhill. Hence, the article focuses on

postexercise muscle impairment and the subsequent development of postexercise coping

strategies to ensure the maintenance of health and improvement of athletic performance. It is

based on the primary fact that unaccustomed and intensive exercises reduce the production of

muscle contractile force. By using epigallocatechingallate, epicatechin gallate, gallocatechin, and

epigallocatechin in green tea, this research aims at the restoration of muscle impairment and the

development of coping strategies.

Methods

The methodology of effecting the experiment in this research involved the use of mice

from the Institute of Cancer Research in the examination of prior ingestion of catechins. This

involved a 3 week diet of (0.5% w/w). the exercises under review in the experimental design

included activities of wheel-running, endurance running activities, subjection of muscles to

muscle force, the inflammation of muscles, and oxidative stress, all in application on the mice

after running downhill. Subsequently, the researchers analyzed the mice’s muscle contractile

force, measured carbonylated protein levels, and evaluated interleukin-1A, tumor necrosis factor,

and monocyte chemoattractant to establish the role of catechins in postexercise physical

performance recovery.

Results

The results of the experiment indicated that catechin performed a significant function in

the recovery of physical performance in postexercise downhill-running. This exercise made both

CATECHINS: LITERATURE REVIEW 5

contractile muscle force and voluntary wheel-running activity to drop substantially (P G 0.05).

By ingesting catechins, the running-induced decrease in voluntary wheel running was alleviated

by at least 35% with evident boost in maintained and endured running capacity (214 T 9 vs 189

T 10 min, P G 0.05). Additionally, catechins suppressed the running-induced production of

plasma creatine phosphokinase by more than 50%. As for the case of tumor necrosis factor,

interleukin-1A, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 the intake of catechin levels were

significantly reduced after catechin. All these indicated the fact that catechins reduce muscle

inflation and help in postexercise recovery.

Roberts, J., Roberts, M., Tarpey, M., Weekes, J., & Thomas, C. (2015). The Effect of a

Decaffeinated Green Tea Extract Formula on Fat Oxidation, Body Composition and

Exercise Performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 12(1), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12970-

014-0062-7

Description of the Article

With focus on the oxidation of fats, improved performance in exercises, body

composition, Roberts J., Roberts M., Tarpey, Weekes, and Thomas (2015) set out to establish

how these elements get affected by green tea (GT). The catechin polyphenol content of

caffeinated GT remains responsible for the antioxidant and cardio-metabolic benefits in the

caffeinated GT. However, the authors admit that not much study has gone into the effects of

decaffeinated extracts of tea on exercise performance. Thus, the study focuses on decaffeinated

green tea extract (dGTE) and how it positively affects body composition, fat oxidation, and the

performance of exercises.

Methods

CATECHINS: LITERATURE REVIEW 6

This research involved the participation of fourteen male, who had to be recreationally

active, total non-smokers, regular green tea consumers, or those with known sensitivity to tea

products. The participants then took part in parallel-design, double-blind, and placebo-controlled

interventions where their age, weight, body fat, and peak oxygen were all measured and

analyzed. A random assignment of capsulated (dGTE (571 mg·d−1 n=7) or placebo (PL; n=7)

for four weeks. The participants then successively undertook resting cardiovascular measures as

well as body consumption testing. They undertook a 1 hour cycling exercise that was followed

by 40 minute trial performance in week 1, week 2, and week 4. The use of indirect calorimetry

was then employed to assess the oxidation of fat and carbohydrates. At this point, total fatty

acids (TFA), distance covered (km), and power output (w) were determined through the

assessment of pre-post exercise blood samples.

Results

The experiment realized an increase in total fat oxidation rates from 0.241 ± 0.025 to

0.301 ± 0.009 g·min−1. In the case of placebo experiments, the substrate utilization remained

unaltered while substantial decrease of body fat by 1.63 ± 0.16% in contrast to PL over the

intervention period (P < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.84). In the case of dGTE, there was a 10% performance

in the distance covered by the fourth week. In sum, these results indicated a favorable

enhancement of substrate utilization, thereby indicating the effective use of catechin from dGTE

in enhancing performance and fat oxidation.

Choo, J. (2003). Green Tea Reduces Body Fat Accretion Caused by High-Fat Diet in Rats

through β-Adrenoceptor Activation of Thermogenesis in Brown Adipose Tissue. The

Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 14(11), 671-676.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2003.08.005

CATECHINS: LITERATURE REVIEW 7

Description of the Article

This article by Choo (2003) focuses on green tea (GT) and brown adipose tissue. It

considers animal protein content, food intake, food digestibility, energy expenditure of the body,

and body fats to assess and analyze the effects of GT on them. As explained by the author, GT is

made through steaming or pan-frying, processes that ensure no fermentation takes place.

Resultantly, a number recent studies link the tea to body fat-suppressive effects. Green tea and

epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) occur to reduce body weight through two main processes.

These encompass the reduction of food intake and the increment of energy expenditure and fat

oxidation. These perceptions form the basis for this article in which Choo (2003) evaluates GT’s

reduction of body fat.

Methods

The experiment employed the use of Sprague-Dawley rats whose weight brackets ranged

between 185 and 190 grams. Each of these were housed separately for twelve-hour light and dark

cycles in temperature controlled rooms at stable 22

C. All of them were fed on semi-synthetic

diets for 3 days after which they were divided into 3 groups depending on weight gain in the

involved period. The experiment was then divided into two parts. In the first, three groups of

eight rats were given normal-fat diet, high-fat diet, and high-fat diet. One of the high-fat groups

received dry matter of water extract of green tea at 20g/kg diet. This experiment aimed at the

analysis of green tea on body composition, energy balance and brown adipose tissue (BAT). On

the other hand, experiment two investigated β-adrenoceptor activation and suppression of body

fat. At the end of 14 days, the rats were killed and intracellular BAT extracted for analysis. This

was followed by the measurement of body composition, apparent digestibility, energy

expenditure, and protein and DNA contents of BAT.

CATECHINS: LITERATURE REVIEW 8

Results

The outcomes of both experiments revealed varied results. Those fed on a high-fat diet

(30% fat, wt/wt) exhibited limited energy intake in comparison to normal/no fat group. As for

the high-fat consumption group, the body weight rose by at least 6.9%. When this group

continued to feed on high-fat diet, significant gains in body weight were witnessed but with no

body protein gain. This resulted in the hypothesis that increased body fats came from reduced

energy expenditure and utilization. Markedly, no significant changes were realized in body

weight upon the addition GT extract to high-fat diet. This was associated with energy restoration

in the normal diets. GT extracts did not affect body protein gain. However, 1.5% of digestibility

was evident as compared to the case of high-fat group. To this extent, apparent digestibility was

had a 3% difference between high-fat diet with GT than the case of normal diet. Put together

with the admission of β-adrenoceptor, they reveal that GT reduces body fat that comes as a result

of high-fat diet.

Haramizu, S., Ota, N., Hase, T., & Murase, T. (2011). Catechins Attenuate Eccentric

Exercise-Induced Inflammation and Loss of Force Production in Muscle in

Senescence-Accelerated Mice. Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(6), 1654-1663.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01434.2010

Description of the Article

This is another publication by Haramizu, Ota, Hase, and Murase (2011) that focuses on

catechins and their effects on exercise. Noting that they exhibit divergent biological actions, the

authors evaluate the potential benefits in relation to oxidative stress, contractile muscle

properties, and inflammation resulting from downhill running in senescence-accelerated prone

mice (SAMP). The contractile force of soleus greatly gets affected by downhill running which

CATECHINS: LITERATURE REVIEW 9

induces a decrease in it (13 m/min for 60 min; 16° decline). The authors use these procedures to

indicate that a combination of catechin intake and habitual exercise can help in improving

endurance capacities as well as eliminate diet-induced obesity in the mice.

Methods

Different categories of catechins were prepared and analyzed. These included 33% of

epigallocatechin gallate, 19% of epigallocatechin, 10% of epicatechin gallate, 7% of epicatechin,

6% of gallocatechin, 3% of gallocatechin gallate, and 3% of other catechins. The experimental

animals in use encompassed 13 week-old senescence-resistant mice (SAMR1) and SAMP1 that

were kept under controlled temperature (23 2°C), humidity (55 10%), and lighting (lights on

from 0700 to 1900) conditions. They were fed using laboratory chow and were granted free and

continued access to water. After 43 weeks, all the mice accessed synthetic diet with 10% (wt/wt)

fat, 20% casein, 55.5% starch, 2.2% vitamins, 0.2% methionine, and 4% minerals. At 47 weeks

of age, all mice were weighed differently with those that had obtained injuries getting removed

from the sample. Additionally, in both the two groups of samples, mice whose weights were 18%

and 10% above average in SAMP1 and SAMR1 getting eliminated respectively. The case of

SAMP1 had the mice divided into 3 groups of SAMP1-control, control-diet without downhill

exercise, contrill-diet with downhill exercise, and a similar set up with the introduction of

catechins. A similar case was done to SAMR1 while food intake was measured through

experimental period. Routine analyses considered downhill exercise protocol, body and skeletal

muscle weight, and biochemical analysis.

Results

Different outcomes revealed divergent results in relation to catechin’s effects on exercise-

induced inflammation and muscular loss of force production. In SAMP1, catechins indicated to

CATECHINS: LITERATURE REVIEW 10

have extremely minimal or no effect on the weight of muscles. SAMP1-Cont revealed the effect

of catechins in restoring of muscle force production affected by downhill exercise as opposed to

SAMR1-Cont. catechins also proved to solve downhill exercise-induced drops in Ca

- and Na

-ATPase. Lastly, catechin also proved to attenuate downhill-initiated muscle injury, exercise-

induced oxidative stress, andmuscle inflammation, all these confirming the beliefs of the authors.

CATECHINS: LITERATURE REVIEW 11

References

Choo, J. (2003). Green tea reduces body fat accretion caused by high-fat diet in rats through β-

adrenoceptor activation of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. The Journal of

Nutritional Biochemistry, 14(11), 671-676.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2003.08.005

Haramizu, S., Ota, N., Hase, T., & Murase, T. (2011). Catechins attenuate eccentric exercise-

induced inflammation and loss of force production in muscle in senescence-accelerated

mice. Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(6), 1654-1663.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01434.2010

Haramizu, S., Ota, N., Hase, T., & Murase, T. (2013). Catechins Suppress Muscle Inflammation

and Hasten Performance Recovery after Exercise. Medicine & Science In Sports &

Exercise, 45(9), 1694-1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31828de99f

Roberts, J., Roberts, M., Tarpey, M., Weekes, J., & Thomas, C. (2015). The effect of a

decaffeinated green tea extract formula on fat oxidation, body composition and exercise

performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 12(1), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12970-014-0062-

Sugita, M., Kapoor, M., Nishimura, A., & Okubo, T. (2016). Influence of green tea catechins on

oxidative stress metabolites at rest and during exercise in healthy

humans. Nutrition, 32(3), 321-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2015.09.005

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