Literature Review How Education Affected The Development In Yemen

Running Head: HOW EDUCATION AFFECTED THE DEVELOPMENT IN YEMEN 1

Literature Review:

How education affected the development in Yemen

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HOW EDUCATION AFFECTED THE DEVELOPMENT IN YEMEN 2

Literature Review:

How education affected the development in Yemen

The development in a country is majorly a subset of key factors within and outside the

nation. In essence, as a country rises from one level to the next both the social and economic

indicators play a role in defining the standard of growth to the world regarding development

(Burchi, 2006). The Republic of Yemen found in Western Asia has a population of 24 million

persons with a per capita GDP of US $ 1,160 (Al-Iryani, de Janvr & Sadoulet, 2015). It has also

experienced political, social and economic development, especially education. As noted by Nazir

and Tomppert (2005), “Article 54 of the 2001 Yemen constitution declares education

compulsory”. It is however notable that Yemen could have been way much farther in

development had it not been for the historical and existing factors and challenges. According to

Masood and Alsonini (2017), Yemen ranks among most poor states in the globe and least

developed in the Middle East.

The Yemen education system has risen from just two Universities as of 1990 to over 16

and 105 colleges. Yuki and Kamenyama (2013) say that provision of quality education is an

essential foundation towards development. Education growth is necessary despite Yemen’s

economic journey facing tumultuous events ranging from war to internal conflicts. As noted by

Al-Iryani, de Janvr and Sadoulet (2015), in the years 1991 to 1995, the state experienced the

worst and poorest economic growth rates. Moreover, the strain on the government and the weak

economic environment highly attributed to the decisions made in 1990. In the successful

unification of Yemen in 1990 led to the formation of two different civil service systems causing

a budgetary strain on the government. In particular, the unification created the need to apply an

even higher salary scale to all citizens just as in the north. Apart from the Unification issues

HOW EDUCATION AFFECTED THE DEVELOPMENT IN YEMEN 3

hindering the overall economic development. With Yemen’s political stand against the Gulf war

in 1991, aid got halted leading to the nation experiencing hyperinflation.

The identification of education progress as an active factor in the development of Yemen

has led to the instituting policies and strategies aligned with the development. It is notable that

stability of a nation is a necessity Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and local growth (Musibah,

Shahzad & Fadzil, 2015). According to Burchi (2006), the investment and focus on improving

human capital as a necessity in social and economic development are dependent on education.

According to the author, within nation focused on improving itself, education and other key

factors serve a vital role. In essence, Burchi explains that the investments in human beings rank

as an essential aspect that contributes to the greater rise in a nation’s status from lifestyle to

overall Gross Domestic Production (GDP) increase. Thus, what the statement means is that as a

nation, Yemen investments in education have played an essential role in socio-economic

development in the country. The authors Al-Iryani, de Janvr and Sadoulet (2015) say that in

1997, the Yemen Social Fund for Development (SFD) was established depicting the desire and

goal to grow the economy. With the war uprisings and internal conflicts, the SDF highly focused

on combating the poverty levels within the nation. As part of the SFD, four critical programs

Community and Local Development (CLD) aimed at empowering the community and improving

the skilled workforce.

The poor knowledge and skills impact on the development of Yemen is also visible. As

noted by Masood and Alsonini (2017), the insufficient knowledge on reproductive health has had

a detrimental impact on socio devilment. In their view, many Yemen young adults lack the basic

know-how on health as well as family planning which have led to the poor social sector growth.

HOW EDUCATION AFFECTED THE DEVELOPMENT IN YEMEN 4

The incorporation of a well-structured program aimed at bringing peaceful coexistence in

Yemen combined with the educational the people adds to the overall development. Hanushek

(2013) recognizes the ability of education in promoting economic development through the

increasing the cognitive abilities of individuals. Thus, as the world shifts and develops, the rise

of Yemen both in social status and economic growth despite the uprising receives attribution to

the investing in excellent education plans. As explained by Yuki and Kamenyama (2013),

development goes hand in hand with a quality education in the global nations. Thus, as a

necessity in attaining quality human resources and professionals able to work in the key sectors

of the country and ministries, investment in education is fundamental. According to Al-Iryani, de

Janvr and Sadoulet (2015), education, water, and environment ranks as primary consumers of

government funds at 44% and 14% respectively. Thus, based on the volume of funds allocated to

the education docket, it shows the vital role envisaged in the teaching to overall development.

However, even as the Republic of Yemen tries to focus on development, the hindrances

to the delivery of quality and equitable education is evident. Even with a constitutional mandate

encouraging the equity in education, there are major cultural impediments, internal conflicts as

well as inadequate infrastructures. Poor infrastructure in the school system is a major hindrance

to quality education from the qualified staff to the availability of classes and equipment. Thus, to

meet the global demands and the need for quality education, Yemen has invested in Universities

and Colleges to meet the academic needs. Among the highly recognized educational institutions

is the University of Sana’a offering both vocational and technical skills. Conversely, Mallakh

(2005) says key stakeholders have collaborated with ministries in raising the level of education.

Notably, there is the rise in technical skills and in-service training offered by the Ministry of

Communication and Yemen General Electricity Corporation. The institutions have the role of

HOW EDUCATION AFFECTED THE DEVELOPMENT IN YEMEN 5

empowering and raising the level of professional expertise. The factories, gas plants and other

infrastructural developments in Yemen highly rely on a skilled workforce. Hence, the inclusion

of science process skills (SPS) as part of the nation’s strategic curricula plan adds to creating

professional human capital (Aziz & Zain, 2010).

The idea of academics and development is also agreed upon by Hanushek (2013) noting

that the development of school policies should target on enhancing not only essential but also

advanced skills. And as the key ministries and organizations embrace the need for basic and

advanced skills in the population, there is considerable development in Yemen. However, despite

the recent investments in education, Yemen is 154/187 nations on the human development index

(Al-Iryani, de Janvr & Sadoulet, 2015). The country faces the slow education uptake, conflict,

and poor infrastructure. Another major hindrance to the rise in education and thus leads to slow

development entail cultural restrictions on women education and gender imbalance issues.

Despite the socio-economic growth, thousands of girls continue to drop out due to pregnancies

and early marriages representing an 80% out-of-school percentage.

Therefore, with the recognition of education as a major contributor to development,

embracing of education as among the primary necessities for progress and sustainability is

important. As noted by the principal authors like Aziz and Zain (2010), Burchi (2006), Hanushek

(2013) and Mallakh (2015), development is highly reliant on stability as well as investment in

human capital. Hence, as the Republic of Yemen rises from political instability, the socio-

economic development is viable in the nation. The gender in education as another issue where

girl enrolment is 72.83% in comparison to boys 90.32% and gender parity index of 0.81. It is

important to harmonize the situation to attain the objective socioeconomic development goals

within the locals as well as increase its FDI (Musibah, Shahzad & Fadzil, 2015).

HOW EDUCATION AFFECTED THE DEVELOPMENT IN YEMEN 6

References

Al-Iryani, L., de Janvry, A., & Sadoulet, E. (2015). The Yemen Social Fund for Development:

An Effective Community-Based Approach amid Political Instability. International

Peacekeeping, 22(4), 321-336.

Aziz, M. S., & Zain, A. N. M. (2010). The inclusion of science process skills in Yemeni

secondary school physics textbooks. European Journal of Physics Education, 1(1), 55.

Burchi, F. (2006). Identifying the role of education in socio-economic development. In

International Conference on Human and Economic Recourses, Izmir, Turkey.

Hanushek, E. A. (2013). Economic growth in developing countries: The role of human

capital. Economics of Education Review, 37, 204-212.

Mallakh, R. (2015). The economic development of the Yemen Arab Republic. London:

Routledge.

Masood, M. S., & Alsonini, N. A. (2017). Knowledge and Attitude about Reproductive Health

and Family Planning among Young Adults in Yemen. International Journal of

Population Research, 2017.

Musibah, A. S., Shahzad, A., & Fadzil, F. H. B. (2015). Impact of foreign investment in the

Yemen's economic growth: the country political stability as a main issue. Asian Social

Science, 11(4), 102.

Nazir, S., & Tomppert, L. (2005). Women's rights in the Middle East and North Africa:

Citizenship and justice. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

Yuki, T., & Kameyama, Y. (2013). Improving the Quality of Basic Education for the Future

Youth of Yemen Post Arab Spring. Global Economy & Development. Working Paper

59. Brookings Institution.

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