Lung Cancer

Student’s Name

Tutor’s Name

Course

Date

Lung cancer is a condition that affects the main organ of the respiratory system, the Lung.

This type of cancer is primarily the highest in prevalence as compared to any form of cancer.

Due to the fact that typical types of lung cancers are often diagnosed at relatively late stages,

approximately 10% of all lung cancer patients seem to respond to treatment ultimately and

the compact majority usually succumb to the illness (Gutschner, 2013). According to the

statistics available, 8 out of 10 lung cancers results from smoking. Several types of lung

cancers are classified as either being a small cell as well as non-cell cancers (Yang et al.,

2013). Persistent bloody and cough sputum can be used as a confirmatory test for cancer

diagnosis. Alternatively, diagnosed through the examination of sputum or tissue examination

by bronchoscopy with Biopsy, surgical excision and chest wall can also be used.

The Signs and Symptoms

The most frequent signs and symptoms of lung cancer observed include chest pains in form

of heavy vague, discomfort and fatigue, dynamic coughs, lack of energy, feelings of

exhaustion, persistent chest infection, dyspnoea, loss of appetite followed by significant loss

of weight and Breathlessness (Garon &Rizvi, 2015). Leary (2012) outlines that about 75% of

patients with lung cancer experience a dramatic change in sputum or coughs they encounter.

From the report generated by the NHS, it is anticipated that a cough extended for a period

longer than two weeks might be amongst the symptoms of cancer.

The spitting of blood (Haemoptysis) serves as the most prominent sign of the progression of

lung cancer (Pless et al., 2015). Many types of lung cancers take place in the central airway

and as a consequence, they may perpetuate post-obstructive pneumonia. The minute signs

displayed may include swelling of the face or neck, inability to swallow anything,

uncontrolled high temperature as well as the production of a hoarse voice. Infections such as

pneumonia and bronchitis that do not get treated proceed reoccurring to individuals with lung

cancer (Shaw et al., 2013).

Furthermore, lung cancer may spread to other typical organs of the body leading associated

problems such as born pain in the hips or at the back. Yellowing of the eyes and skin

primarily a condition known as jaundice from cancer spreading to the liver (Reck et al.,

2014). There might also be nervous changes that may lead to incidences such as a headache,

numbness of the leg or the arm, general weaknesses and imbalance problems, dizziness and

seizures as a result of lung cancer spreading to the spinal cord or the brain. Additionally,

lumps near the body surface as a result of spreading of cancer to the lymph nodes or the skin

like those above the collarbone or the neck may be experienced (Reck et al., 2014).

Diagnosis

Typical tests for diademing Lung cancer are available. To mention a few they include the

following: use of Computerised chromatography (CT) scan, Chest X-ray, bronchoscopy,

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)- CT-scan, thoracoscopy, bioscopy and last but not

least, mediastinoscopy (Moyer, 2014). The X-ray technique is the most applicable globally

for the diagnosis of cancer. There is the appearance of grey or white masses that are observed

after the X-ray has been done serving as confirmatory tests for the presence of cancer.

Broadly, the X-ray is unable to see quite an insignificant percentage of lung cancers.

However, they can still be observed as lymph nodes enlargement or effusion of the pleural

membrane (Garon &Rizvi, 2015).

If there are any forms of suspicion remain dominant computerized chromatography (CT), it is

utilized as an alternative diagnosis. The CT can deliver adequate diagnostic information and

serves as a more advanced as compared to chest radiography. Before engaging in the

procedure an injection with a dye is inserted into the patient in order to develop a detailed

image of the lungs (Ashworth et al., 2013).

On the other hand, PET- CT-scan utilizes the glucose analogy and it is conducted if the

results outline an early developmental stage of cancer. If by chance the tumor is found

centrally within your lungs, a procedure regarded as bioscopy can be used in the extraction of

a sample (Shaw et al., 2013). A relatively smaller bronchoscope tube may be passed down

into the airways through the throat with the assistance of a local anesthetic.

The thoracoscopy involves the collection of tissue sample and fluid within an individual.

Three cuts are dissected in the chest to pass along the tube in the same way as to how

bronchoscope that would pave the way to enhance the collection of the sample (Pless et al.,

2015). If there is the absence of the metastatic diseases performance of the mediastinoscopy

procedure should be undertaken. This is primarily concerned with the examination of the

central region of the chest of the patient. A small dissection made below the bottom of the

neck is made to pass a considerably thicker tube within the tube (Yang et al., 2013).

Sputum cytology can also be used as one amongst the diagnosis technicians. If an individual

is experiencing persistent cough or producing sputum, investigation of the sputum through

the microscope will occasionally reveal the presence of the lung cancer cells (Lortet-Tieulent

et al., 2014).

Treatment

According to Rivera, Mehta, and Wahidi(2013), it has been conventionally accepted that

before treatment of lung cancer conducted, there are several factors that need to be

considered. This includes aspects such as the type of lung cancer, the stage of development

and size of the lung cancer as well as the general wholesome condition of the victim. The

non-small types of lung cancer are treated through the use of chemotherapy. For the minute

stage, cancer can be treated with radiotherapy, chemotherapy as well as cranial prophylactic

irradiation. The last approach is the most effective and has been discovered to cure

approximately 15-20 % of all he limited NLRCL (Markou et al., 2013).

Socio-economic importance of lung cancer

There are typical socio-economic impacts associated with any kind of disease, however, Lung

cancer presents more significant socio-economic impacts as compared to any other condition.

Economically, lung cancer deprives the resources of a family or individual for purposes of

treating the disease (Borghaei et al., 2015). It also stagnates the general development of the

economy as more efforts would be channeled towards the alleviation of the problem.

Furthermore, it reduces the employee workforce and qualified personnel as those people who

are sickly become very weak and feeble hence being unable to work effectively (Wu et al.,

2014).

Socially, lung cancer leads to loneliness due to death of the victims, enhancessocial

stigmatization as those patients suffering from lung cancer are observed as being good for

nothing and that they would eventually die. It may result into increased orphans and treat

children; it promotes poverty in a family especially if the bread weaner of the family

succumbs to the illness (Rizvi et al., 2015).

Reference

Rizvi, N.A., Hellmann, M.D., Snyder, A., Kvistborg, P., Makarov, V., Havel, J.J., Lee, W.,

Yuan, J., Wong, P., Ho, T.S. and Miller, M.L., 2015. Mutational landscape determines

sensitivity to PD-1 blockade in non–small cell lung cancer. Science, 348(6230), pp.124-128.

Markou, A., Sourvinou, I., Vorkas, P.A., Yousef, G.M. and Lianidou, E., 2013. Clinical

evaluation of microRNA expression profiling in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung cancer,

81(3), pp.388-396.

Borghaei, H., Paz-Ares, L., Horn, L., Spigel, D.R., Steins, M., Ready, N.E., Chow, L.Q.,

Vokes, E.E., Felip, E., Holgado, E. and Barlesi, F., 2015. Nivolumab versus docetaxel in

advanced nonsquamous non–small-cell lung cancer. New England Journal of Medicine,

373(17), pp.1627-1639.

Lortet-Tieulent, J., Soerjomataram, I., Ferlay, J., Rutherford, M., Weiderpass, E. and Bray,

F., 2014. International trends in lung cancer incidence by histological subtype:

adenocarcinoma stabilizing in men but still increasing in women. Lung cancer, 84(1), pp.13-

22.

Yang, J.J., Chen, H.J., Yan, H.H., Zhang, X.C., Zhou, Q., Su, J., Wang, Z., Xu, C.R., Huang,

Y.S., Wang, B.C. and Yang, X.N., 2013. Clinical modes of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor

failure and subsequent management in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Lung cancer,

79(1), pp.33-39.

Shaw, A.T., Kim, D.W., Nakagawa, K., Seto, T., Crinó, L., Ahn, M.J., De Pas, T., Besse, B.,

Solomon, B.J., Blackhall, F. and Wu, Y.L., 2013. Crizotinib versus chemotherapy in

advanced ALK-positive lung cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(25), pp.2385-

2394.

Rivera, M.P., Mehta, A.C. and Wahidi, M.M., 2013. Establishing the diagnosis of lung

cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer: American College of Chest Physicians

evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. CHEST Journal, 143(5_suppl), pp.e142S-e165S.

Ashworth, A., Rodrigues, G., Boldt, G. and Palma, D., 2013. Is there an oligometastatic state

in non-small cell lung cancer? A systematic review of the literature. Lung cancer, 82(2),

pp.197-203.

Wu, Y.L., Zhou, C., Hu, C.P., Feng, J., Lu, S., Huang, Y., Li, W., Hou, M., Shi, J.H., Lee,

K.Y. and Xu, C.R., 2014. Afatinib versus cisplatin plus gemcitabine for first-line treatment of

Asian patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer harbouring EGFR mutations (LUX-

Lung 6): an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. The lancet oncology, 15(2), pp.213-222.

Gutschner, T., 2013. The noncoding RNA MALAT1 is a critical regulator of the metastasis

phenotype of lung cancer cells. Cancer research, 73(3), pp.1180-1189.

Garon, E.B., and Rizvi, N.A., 2015. Pembrolizumab for the treatment of non–small-cell lung

cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(21), pp.2018-2028.

Moyer, V.A., 2014. Screening for lung cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force

recommendation statement. Annals of internal medicine, 160(5), pp.330-338.

Sundar, R., Soong, R., Cho, B.C., Brahmer, J.R. and Soo, R.A., 2014. Immunotherapy in the

treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 85(2), pp.101-109.

Reck, M., Kaiser, R., Mellemgaard, A., 2014. Docetaxel plus nintedanib versus docetaxel

plus placebo in patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer (LUME-Lung 1):

a phase 3, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. The lancet oncology, 15(2), pp.143-155.

Pless, M., Stupp, R., Ris, H.B., Stahel, R.A., 2015. Induction chemoradiation in stage

IIIA/N2 non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase 3 randomised trial. The Lancet, 386(9998),

pp.1049-1056.

Place new order. It's free, fast and safe

Paper type

Deadline

Page count

550 words

Total price: $ 15.00

Our customers say

Jeff Curtis

USA, Student

"I'm fully satisfied with the essay I've just received. When I read it, I felt like it was exactly what I wanted to say, but couldn’t find the necessary words. Thank you!"

Ian McGregor

UK, Student

"I don’t know what I would do without your assistance! With your help, I met my deadline just in time and the work was very professional. I will be back in several days with another assignment!"

Shannon Williams

Canada, Student

"It was the perfect experience! I enjoyed working with my writer, he delivered my work on time and followed all the guidelines about the referencing and contents."