Mahatma Gandhi Used Persistent Leadership To Fight Against Racial Discrimination In South Africa

Running head: MAHATMA GANDHI 1

Mahatma Gandhi Used Persistent Leadership to Fight against Racial Discrimination in

South Africa.

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MAHATMA GANDHI 2

Hypothesis

Mahatma Gandhi used persistent leadership to fight against racial discrimination in South Africa.

References

Peer-reviewed sources

1. Allen, D. (2007). Mahatma Gandhi on violence and peace education. Philosophy east and

west, 57(3), 290-310.

2. Andrews, C. F. (2016). Routledge Revivals: Mahatma Gandhi's Ideas (1929): Including

Selections from his Writings. Routledge.

3. Dhupelia-Mesthrie, U. (2007). The place of India in South African history: academic

scholarship, past, present, and future. South African Historical Journal, 57(1), 12-34.

4. Doke, J. J. (2005). Gandhi A Patriot in South Africa. Publications Division Ministry of

Information & Broadcasting.

5. Leonardo, Z., & Porter, R. K. (2010). Pedagogy of fear: Toward a Fanonian theory of

‘safety’in race dialogue. Race Ethnicity and Education, 13(2), 139-157.

6. Parel, A. J. (2016). Pax Gandhiana: The Political Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi.

Oxford University Press.

7. Sheean, V. (2018). Mahatma Gandhi (A Great Life in Brief). Publications Division

Ministry of Information & Broadcasting.

8. Willoughby, S. (2013). Mahatma Gandhi and South Africa. Africa at LSE.

Non-peer-reviewed sources

MAHATMA GANDHI 3

a. Engler, M., Wilmot, P., Dabbous, R., Chenoweth, J., Nagler, M., Meyer, M., &

Chenoweth, M. (2014). How did Gandhi win? - Waging Nonviolence. Retrieved from

https://wagingnonviolence.org/feature/gandhi-win/

b. Satell, G., & Popovic, S. (2017). How Protests Become Successful Social Movements.

Harvard Business Review, 1-7. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2017/01/how-protests-

become-successful-social-movements

How the sources prove the hypothesis

The sources above describe Mahatma Gandhi’s persistence in using the non-violence

philosophy to lead various civil rights movements such as the fight against racial discrimination

in South Africa. Engler expounds on Mahatma Gandhi’s persistent belief of a leadership style

that was based on moral values (Engler, 2014). Leonardo gives an overview of Gandhi’s cruel

experience from the British in advocating for equality among all since 1893 when he first arrived

in South Africa until 1914 (Leonardo, 2010). Willoughby describes his journey in South Africa

and his persistence in advocating for equality. He says that Gandhi arrived in South Africa as an

Indian traders’ legal representative in Durban but resulted to be a civil rights pioneer following

the prevalent discrimination he faced against the people of color in South Africa (Willoughby,

2013).

Dhupelia-Mesthrie articulates that the British believed they were superior but Gandhi was

willing to take the necessary steps in fighting racial discrimination. Owing to the superiority of

the British, Gandhi was often mistreated but he persevered in the fight. In spite of the cruelty, he

persisted in the use of non-violence, ignoring violent measures which would assure him of fast

victory (Dhupelia-Mesthrie, 2007). His persistence was due to the belief that an eye for an eye

would lead to the blinding of the whole world and wars only terminate issues instead of solving

MAHATMA GANDHI 4

them. Andrew describes Gandhi’s fight against racial discrimination by noting that in 1906, he

chaired a meeting of more than 3000 individuals who were protesting against Transvaal Asiatic

Law Amendment Ordinance which required them to register themselves and produce identity

certificates that were thumb printed or pay heavy fines and get subjected to imprisonment

(Andrews, 2016). Allen describes his willingness to persevere hardships in a bid to ensure

persistence in his strategy. Through Gandhi's mobilization, they resolved to get imprisoned

(Allen, 2007). Doke notes that his persistence influenced his fellow Transvaal Indians as well as

South Africa’s National Congress to use his philosophy (Doke, 2005).

Parel recognizes that Gandhi’s persistence was the beginning of his passive resistance in

South Africa. South Africa thus became the birthplace of Satyagraha, meaning persistent truth-

force geared towards peaceful marches. (Parel, 2016). Sheean recognizes Gandhi through his

encouraging quotes and beliefs that if individuals fought noble causes knowing that what they

were doing was right, they would face opposition which would, in turn, require persistence.

(Sheean, 2018). Satell describes his achievement of fighting against racial discrimination due to

clinging onto his strategy. He recognizes that his persistence was his great anchor, which enabled

him to maintain his philosophy and eventually resulted to his victory in fighting against racial

discrimination in South Africa (Satell, 2017). That left a great footprint which led to full

realization and adoption of his strategy by other leaders, finally ending racial discrimination. It

also resulted to the adoption of Indian Relief Act of 1914 which granted certain Indian

concessions such as licensing laws and the temporary delay of the law that disqualified non-

European voters.

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