Mistrust Between Law Enforcement And Minority Communities

Running head: LAW ENFORCEMENT VS. MINORITY COMMUNITIES 1

Mistrust Bbetween Law Enforcement and Low Income Urban Minority Communities

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LAW ENFORCEMENT VS. MINORITY COMMUNITIES 2

Mistrust Bbetween Law Enforcement and Low Income Urban Minority Communities

Section 1: Introduction and Overview

For years, the major vulnerability of the minority residents in the U.SA is has been the

level at which the communities are were isolated from the law enforcement institutions and

organizations. The local isolation from the law enforcement agencies creates a huge concern in

promoting security and cohesion in among the minority communities. On an individual

perspective, the vulnerability of racial and ethnic vulnerability of the minoritiesy people is

recorded by the increased cases of deaths and incarceration of the minority people in the U.S

states. Most of the minority communities, including the Native Americans, African-Americans,

and the Hispanics, among others are mainly low income earners families (Van Craen, 2013). The

low socioal economic situation affects the communities’ resiliency of the communities to counter

the risks exposed to the minority communitiesies.

About 57% of the blacks involved in the survey conducted by Lerman and Weaver

(2014) concluded that the police performance was poor compared to 23% per cent of whites who

believed they performed poorly. A survey documented by Van Craen (2013) shows that the

minority groups, more mainly the blacks, had a discourse over the performance of the law

enforcement units compared with to the whites. In terms of policy recommendations, the drug

war enforcement policies were not able to reduce the drug usage due to the lack of trust and

communication between the law enforcement units and the monitory communities. For example,

the stop and frisk policy was reassessed and determined to be unfit in dealing with the mistrust

with the low income urban communities in the United States.

Among the low income communities, the pPublic trust in the police officers is important

in enhancing public security and safety among the low income communities. Citizens, living in

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LAW ENFORCEMENT VS. MINORITY COMMUNITIES 3

high crime areas, experiences intensive policy engagements, community supervision, and

increased violence. The effectiveness of this criminal justice process depends on the ability of

the low income communities to work with the police officers (Weitzer, 2014). In certain

instances, the police might conduct aggressive strategies to deal with drug and gang-related

violence in a way that undermines the public confidence. Therefore, the report seeks to evaluate

the mistrust between the law enforcement officers and the low income minority people in the

United States.

Section 2: Two Perspectives

The main concern is whether the law enforcement officials have the capacity to improve

trust with low income minority groups within the society. One perspective is that the police

officers have done adequate processes in improving the trust among the low income minorities

and the law enforcements organizations. In certain instances, the U.S officials have been able to

create proper programs to improve the level of policing in the local urban groups. Largely, the

police officers do not have the capacity to engage the residents well due to the unwillingness of

the people to partner with the police. According to Lerman and Weaver (2014), the community

usually does not trust the ability of the police to engage them fairly. Improved trust can be used

in encouraging the residents to comply with the laws and becoming more ready to work with the

police in dealing with crimes and preventing potential crimes. There is a strong relationship

between police legitimacy and safety, which is useful in improving the willingness to report

crimes in compliance with the law.

The trust between the urban minority communities and the police increased following the

increased raised shooting of black men in the United States. For example, the police officers are

faceing problems in rebuilding the trust in the urban neighborhoods in Michigan state levels.

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Van Craen (2013) noted that the blacks dido not have any confidence with the police departments

unlike the whites who seemeds to have a high level of confidence with the police departments.

The reduced confidence of the police units by the minority groups raises concerns on promoting

trust among the communities. Living the urban areas, Tthe minority communities living the urban areas noted that they

were treated badly by the law enforcement officials. The bias in the criminal justice process also

created concerns on the need to improve proper assessment of racial discrimination by the police

units.

The cases of police brutality have been blamed for the destruction of trust between the

law enforcement and the minority communities from the emergency services. For

exampleinstance, black communities in certain U.S states avoided calling the police officers due

to the lack of proper actions and changes in the promoting public trust and honesty in certain US

states. The law enforcement units have raised concerns on the increased public debate about the

cases of police abuse, which causeds bad outcomes. Even though the media have is freedom, the law

enforcement agencies raise concerns on about the reporting of police violence. The reporting of the

police violence is critical in promoting democracy. The increased violence cases leads to the

breakdown of the trust between the law enforcement and the minority communities. The pProper public

participation is critical in promoting the development of strategies in managing the social actions

that expands public acceptance. The law enforcement units should improve and promote the social

order and processes critical in the U.S states.

The engagement of transparent and rule based decision making processes are useful in

supporting policeing policies and fair actions. Other important improvements that should be

made it toaimed at respecting the people as well asand promoting the level of trustworthiness.

The respect of people helps in understanding the level of dignity and the communication of the

LAW ENFORCEMENT VS. MINORITY COMMUNITIES 5

proper rights and actions. It is also critical in the depicting the sensitivity to the needs of the people.

Therefore, effective policing within the U.S minority communities would promote public trust

and confidence.

The stop and frisk policy is one of the programs implemented by the police units

targeting the black communities. The policy was highly criticized as it increased prejudice

against the black communities in the criminal justice process. Most of the police departments

were advised to perform additional interrogation oin the minority communities. Such programs

highlighted the poor engagement of the police in promoting growth in the neighborhood minority

areas (Van Craen, 2013). To deal with such bad policies, the U.S government made efforts to

prohibit the usage of stop and frisk in police investigations. Such an aspect allowed for the

proper policing and engagements of the community to improve the cooperation between the

police and the minority communities. In the U.S cities and states whereby the police are worked

well with the communities well, the level of trust and engagements has improved leading to a safer

environment and community. The police should advocate for good policing actions rather than

discriminatory actions that would undermine the trust by the minority communities.

However, the high crime rates among the minority communities should not be

undermined well. It is important for the urban minority communities to assign good actions and

strategies useful in countering violent and high crime rates in the communities (Smith & Holmes,

2014). Community actions are usually useful in ensuring that the wrongdoers within the

community are held responsible for their actions within the community. Increased public

engagements are usually useful in enhancing partnerships with the varied police measures. In

spite of all, the law enforcement agencies must invest in significant efforts towards creating

adequate trust to deal with difficulties and misunderstandings relateding to proper judgment.

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In addition, the law enforcement officers have been unable to deal with the high level of

negative perception in the communities. Most black communities do not trust the police due to

the high conflict relationships facing them in the low income communities. Considering the low

socioeconomic status in the minority communities, the police face huge concerns. For years, the

police officers have continued to face hostility and lack of trust from the communities. At times,

police officers have been killed by the representatives of the minoritiesy, communities

highlighting the high level of crimes and lack of support for the law enforcement officials. The

policing reforms should be able to focus on the nature and implications of the negative attitude

and perception about the law enforcement organizations.

Van Craem (2013) highlighted that it iwas critical to acknowledge the challenges facing

the communities. The police should be able to accept the issues raised by the communities and

promise to take proper actions. Controversial police use of force and other situations canould

damage the relationship between the community and the police. In certain cases, the perceived

behavior of misconduct by police officers damages the police and community relationships

significantly. They It could can also lead to reduced trust between the police officers and the

communities. For example, the police should accept the history of racial inequalities among the

minorities and other persons who face increased injustice among from the police officers.

The police should never ignore the negative ideas of people with the law enforcement

units. For example, there are people with evidence of certain police departments who had

institutionalized the racial discrimination aspects. Civil right leaders explained that most police

officers should understand the history of racial inequalities in the United States and take proper

action to change their human attitude (Wu, Lake, & Cao, 2015). The police should be able to

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understand that the communities there is legitimate legally mistrust of the police by the communities because of racial laws that hurts

certain communities significantly than others.

The second perspective is the failure of the law enforcement agencies to improve trust

with the low income urban communities. The perception of the implementation of laws has been

a huge concern in the control and the prevention of crimes in the society. The negative views

about the criminal justice systems leads to legal cynicism whereby residents do not work with

the police and do not report the crimes occurring in the society. The low income urban

communities with high rates of legal cynicism have high level of crimes rates and low level of

efficiency (Wu, et al., 2015). A self-reinforcing and promoting process of noncooperation of

residents undermines the process of law enforcement towards viewing people as supportive to

the crime problems. On the other handHowever, the residents usually perceive the police officers

as ineffective and biased. The testing of the police is usually critical in understanding the lack of

trust among the residents in the low income neighborhoods.

In this perspective, the police officers should be concerned about the race relations. Smith

and Holmes (2014) have records stated that there is a huge concern about the race relations in the United

States; as more blacks than the whites are concerned about the performance of the law enforcement

engagements. The adverse racial relations also hurt health care, economic issues, and violence in

the states. The law enforcement agencies should come up with proper awareness programs to

heal the racial divisionde in the society. It is clear that the blacks do not have the trust tof the police

due to the reported cases of discrimination by some police officers. The police leaders should

show their commitment and efforts in dealing with the rouge police officers who discriminate upon the

minority communities.

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Smith and Holmes (2014) have also recorded race as a serious problem that undermines

the trust levels within the society. However, the race problem is tied to other problems such as

the increased usage of drugs and low socioeconomic status. Most minority communities lives in

poverty and often engage in crimes to improve their earnings potential. The law enforcement

organizations should be able to relate well with the minority communities. Historically, the race

relations have remained as key deterrents to improved engagements between the minority

communities and the police officers.

The police relations with the urban minority communities have been worsening for

many years. The law enforcement officials are unable to promote equal protection on the based

on the U.S laws and legislations. For pPolice officers units, they should be convicted if they are

involved in the unjustified way. Black people have mainly resorted into protests to highlight their

anger against the poor treatment by the police officers. The criminal justice systems should be

improved to ensure that the level of police brutality is countered well. Social actions should be

taken in improving the level of community engagements in the law enforcement agencies. The

police officers must have residence in the cities they work and patrol. Through such an action,

the police would be able to live with the minority people and share social amenities. The

residence in the neighborhoods is useful in promoting community engagements and expansion.

The police officers should ensure that they create proper profiles to promote safety and

protection of the people human interests.

It is important to perform advanced cultural and sensitivity training among the varied

aspects. Such measures are useful in protecting the stakeholders in the society well. The

bBuilding of trust and repair of racial divisionde and engagement with the police remains vital in

eliminating the potential flaws and injustices within the police. All injustices must be addressed

LAW ENFORCEMENT VS. MINORITY COMMUNITIES 9

well appropriately to promote peaceful engagement and changes in the urban minority communities.

Largely, the local law enforcement organizations should define and improve the peaceful

coexistence and engagements in a better way. Both strategies should be taken in retaining long term engagements

and actions about creating and maintaining trustful relationships.

Section 3: Literature Review

According to a research work by Brunson and Gau (2015), it found out that the U.S law

enforcement officials have been unable to capture perceptions of the communities. Through the

surveys conducted, it was determined that the proper understanding of perceptions of the police

officers iwas linked with to the perceptions of the safety and community welfare. For example,

the element of procedural justice is critical in promoting public awareness about the police

shootings of its community residents. The element of procedural justice usually comprises of

four beliefs on the perspective of the residents including that people should have a voice while

engaging with the police, the police must be trustworthy, the legalizations should be fair and

followed, and the police officers must implement the laws failure (Brunson & Gau, 2015). In real

life perspective, when the police conduct their work in a fair procedure, they increase the

opportunity for the people to have influence and say in their lives. It also helps in treating the

minority people with respect and dignity.

Most importantly, Peck (2015) explains to the people the reasons for the actions and

decisions being taken against thempeople. In most occasions, the police officers do not engage

the public well oin their actions, that and it undermines the transparency required to promote

trust within the public in the minority areas. The last aspect of procedural justice is promoting

fairness and impartiality in the engagements with the minority people. In spite of the procedural

justice, the community perceptions also undermine the role and success of law enforcement

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among the minority dominated communities (Gau, & Brunson, 2015). When there is negative

perception about the police’s performance, the communities willould lack the trust with the law

enforcement organizations. The mistrust of the low income communities with the law

enforcement is increased by police brutality and bias.

According to thean empirical research by Eitle, D’Alessio and Stolzenberg (2014), the

increased cases of public shootings of police officers and people of color demanded for swift

actions to improve the relationships between the police officers and the black community. The

empirical findings recommended foe the implementation of co-screening of police by the people

and promoted the evaluation and promotionof aspects based on the frequency of the community

engagements and reduction of crimes (Eitle, et al., 2014). For example, cities such cities as New

Orleans and Washington they have engaged in community engagements of the law enforcement

officials and the minority groups offering strong racial healing through the acknowledgment of

historical responsibility of policing in the establishment of racial inequalities.

Apart from the efforts byof the cities, elected persons are takeing additional efforts to strengthen

the relationships between the local communities and the police officers. Smith and Holmes

(2014) have determineds that there are five areas to for improvement of law enforcement

engagement with the community, which includes the engagements of the community in oversight

and planning, expansion of the police training, growing youth development, the connection of

the residents to quality resources, and the building of personal interactions between the police

officers and the communities. The engagements of the community in planning and improved

oversight are is useful in creating of comprehensive violence prevention actions. Agreements are

useful in promoting the and sharing of data and expanding prevention plans (Smith & Holmes,

2014). The establishment of success metrics is useful in understanding the critical strategies

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necessary to improve trust among the communities and the law enforcement officials. Other

aspects of community engagement are the creation of sharing plans with trusted stakeholders in

the community.

Tyler, Fagan and Geller (2014) shows the need for growing training and support of police

units, which would will also assists in growing the understanding of the community culture and

reducing minority bias by from the side of the police officers. Some of the training programs

include cultural competency training, implicit bias programs, and training of the police officers

as well as the recruitment of the minority police officers. The empirical research also insists on

the need to invest in youth development through police academy, cadet program and safety

campaigns among others. In addition, Tyler et al. (2014) determined that the strong relationships

between the communities and police units are critical in promoting public safety and quality

policing. Law enforcement officers mainly relyies on the cooperation of the communities in

getting information about potential crimes and work with the law enforcement officers in

creating proper strategies to deal with crime problems. The research has also confirmed that the

willingness of the community to trust the police relies on whether the community believes in the

police strategies reflecting the community values and promotes the principles of legitimacy and

procedural peace.

An empirical study by Weitzer (2014) emphasized on the need of promoting transparency

and accountability in the law enforcement engagements with the public. The police officers

should always be transparent with the public, more so specifically in the minority communities.

When incidents occur, the law enforcement agencies should provide all information possible to

the community and should not make the communityies think that they are hideing some

information. The police officers should also clarify the initial information that might be

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available is only preliminary and it might change with time. Police leaders should also continually

clarify any further changes and modification of information. On a daily basis, the police units

should provide information on the websites summarizing the policies used by the units,

addressing community complaints and other concerns.

Greene (2014) recommended that policing should embrace a culture of transparency and

accountability critical in reviewing the posting information on the websites. The assessment of

the websites’ information on the websites and other law enforcement information based on the

demographics is important in shaping the reporting of crimes and other law enforcement

information based on the demographics. The law enforcement agencies should obtain

accreditation from the accreditation agencies to show their commitment in promoting excellence

among the law enforcement units (Greene, 2014). Improving trust with the communities also

focuses on creating proper measures for external oversight including the external review boards

on the internal activities of the law enforcement units.

Most importantly, Weitzer (2014) recommends the importance of taking proper steps and

measures in reducing the level of bias as well as improving the cultural competency. Most civil

rights organizations and police units recommend police officers at the different levels must to

obtain training on bias, cultural competency, and diversity aspects. Most cities and organizations

compriseds of communities with diverse racial and ethnic cultures to communicate the clear

cultural norms on the diverse groups. The police units offer proper training on implicit bias and

the nature of cultural responsiveness.

Potential Policy Recommendations

To deal with the mistrust between the law enforcement and the urban minority

communities, various policy recommendations can be implemented accordingly. The first policy

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LAW ENFORCEMENT VS. MINORITY COMMUNITIES 13

action is the creation of specific guidelines for the policey departments to deal with the mistrust and

conflicts with the minority communities. The training of the specific guidelines and programs for

the law enforcement officials is useful in promoting cohesion in the society. The training

practices usually give the police officials’ proper guidelines to align with the various incidents and

come up with actions to resolve the problems. However, training cannot be able to change the

emotional attitude relateding to the race and policing programs (Wolfe, Nix, Kaminski, & Rojek, 2016).

Currently, the police training should be focused base on informing the police officers about the legal backgrounds, procedures, and proper police

tactics. The training programs should be focused on informing the police officers about the historical

guidelines to of communications training. Such trainings would be useful will help in reducing

the vulnerability of law enforcement engagements with the low income urban minority

communities.

Other police reforms that should be implemented in promoting trust between the police

and minorities includes the creation of community policy initiatives in the society. The

community policy programs helps in promoting the close interactions and the communication

with the urban minoritiesy people. Community policy depends on the collaboration with the

varied stakeholders including business and other local people to promote proactive approaches to

reduce and prevent crimes and social disorders. According to Wolfe et al. (2016), the use of

community policing would help in promoting community responsiveness to safety issues raised

by the law enforcement agencies. For example, the police officers would be able to become more

responsible in dealing with the inappropriate behavior within the community. Largely, the

minority groups have been unable to engage the police well due to the lack of proper ways of

communications. However, the community policy programs would will help in improving the

local trust between the neighborhoods and the law enforcement officials. It is also

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LAW ENFORCEMENT VS. MINORITY COMMUNITIES 14

recommendable to offer incentives to the police working in the urban neighborhoods with

minority communities. The incentives willould help assist the police to in becomeing motivated

to work with the minority groups well.

Most importantly, the demand for departments to hire more qualified minority officers is

useful in reducing the challenges of policing in the low income minority communities. The

minority officers would be involved in promoting trust and proper engagements with their local

communities. At times, it is difficult to engage the minority communities well due to the lack of

people who they can relate with well. The hHiring of the qualified minority officers would help

in reducing prejudice and promoting the trust between the local minority communities and the

law enforcement officers (Lerman & Weaver, 2014). Other policy recommendations and changes

would be to require all the police officers to take racial bias education and training. Such

trainings would be useful in promoting the growth of acceptance and lowering the racial tensions

between the minorities and the police officers.

It is also necessary for the police executives to reduce the potential bias and improve the

level of cultural competency. The police executives are useful in recommending all police offices

to obtain training on diversity and cultural competency. Most cities have communities with

diverse racial and ethnic cultures useful in communicating effectively to understand the cultural

values and norms of the diverse groups (Wu, et al., 2015). It is useful in recommending the

police units to offer quality recruit training and in-service programs on cultural responsiveness.

The proper maintenance of collaboration is critical within the communities. Most people should

engage with the police on the various contexts. Such situations could lead to the creation of

negative relationships with the police engagements.

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Getting opportunities to engage with the community residents is a good approach in

reducing the level of bias. The empirical suggestion by Tyler et al (2014) is useful in ensuring

that the residents eliminate the personal problems and overcomeing the stereotypes. Police units

must document the law-abiding people among the low income units when the police are

suspicious. The personal engagements between the community members and police officials are

useful in creating good mutual trust that is useful in addressing problems and lowering crimes

(Gau, & Brunson, 2015). The pPolice officials should work with the community and other local

government units to promote the active involvement of police officers to improve peace and

cohesion. For example, the police officers canould engage in peace marches and other events

that bring them close to the communities.

Finally, it is recommendable to promote the level of internal diversity and support

professional growth opportunities. Police agencies must present policing as the right profession

that supports the recruitment of people with the realistic opportunity to counter police mistrust

with the communities (Wolfe, et al., 2016). The police agencies must improve their efforts in the

recruitment and promotional process that supports the overall diversity of the units by the varied

agencies. The internal efforts helps to deal with the limitations associated with the mistrust by

the minority people. For example, the promotional strategy of police organizations must ensure

that diverse police officers get opportunity to lead the agencies. The internal processes of the

police departments relating to recruitment, promotions, and other aspects must be fair and

transparent.

In summary, there has been is an historical mistrust between the law enforcement

agencies and the urban minority communities. The local isolation from the law enforcement

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LAW ENFORCEMENT VS. MINORITY COMMUNITIES 16

agencies and units develops a huge concern in promoting security in the urban minority

communities. On an individual perspective, the vulnerability of racial and ethnic vulnerability of

the minoritiesy people is recorded by the increased cases of deaths and incarceration of the

minority people in the U.S states. For many years, the law enforcement officials must have

continued to face hostility and lack of trust from the communities. In most occasions, police

officers have been killed by the minority communities determining the high level of crimes and

lack of support for the law enforcement officials. Some of the policy recommendations to deal

with the mistrust of the law enforcement officials include creating improved level of internal

diversity and support professional growth opportunities. The police agencies must improve their

programs of the recruitment and promotional process that supports the overall diversity of the

units by the varied agencies. It is also recommendable for the police executives to reduce the

potential bias and improve the level of cultural competency. Other police reforms include the

establishment of community policy initiatives in the society. Community policy depends on the

collaboration with the varied stakeholders including business and local citizens to enhance

proactive strategies to reduce and prevent crimes.

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LAW ENFORCEMENT VS. MINORITY COMMUNITIES 17

References

Brunson, R. K., & Gau, J. M. (2015). Officer race versus macro-level context a test of competing

hypotheses about black citizens’ experiences with and perceptions of black police

officers. Crime & Delinquency, 61(2), 213-242.

Eitle, D., D’Alessio, S. J., & Stolzenberg, L. (2014). The effect of organizational and

environmental factors on police misconduct. Police Quarterly, 17(2), 103-126.

Gau, J. M., & Brunson, R. K. (2015). Procedural injustice, lost legitimacy, and self-help: Young

males’ adaptations to perceived unfairness in urban policing tactics. Journal of

Contemporary Criminal Justice, 31(2), 132-150.

Greene, J. R. (2014). New directions in policing: Balancing prediction and meaning in police

research. Justice Quarterly, 31(2), 193-228.

Lerman, A. E., & Weaver, V. (2014). Staying out of sight? Concentrated policing and local

political action. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,

651(1), 202-219.

Peck, J. H. (2015). Minority perceptions of the police: A state-of-the-art review. Policing: An

International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 38(1), 173-203.

Smith, B. W., & Holmes, M. D. (2014). Police use of excessive force in minority communities:

A test of the minority threat, place, and community accountability hypotheses. Social

Problems, 61(1), 83-104.

Tyler, T. R., Fagan, J., & Geller, A. (2014). Street stops and police legitimacy: Teachable

moments in young urban men's legal socialization. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies,

11(4), 751-785.

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Van Craen, M. (2013). Explaining majority and minority trust in the police. Justice Quarterly,

30(6), 1042-1067.

Weitzer, R. (2014). The puzzling neglect of Hispanic Americans in research on police–citizen

relations. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37(11), 1995-2013.

Wolfe, S. E., Nix, J., Kaminski, R., & Rojek, J. (2016). Is the effect of procedural justice on

police legitimacy invariant? Testing the generality of procedural justice and competing

antecedents of legitimacy. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 32(2), 253-282.

Wu, Y., Lake, R., & Cao, L. (2015). Race, social bonds, and juvenile attitudes toward the police.

Justice Quarterly, 32(3), 445-470.

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Mistrust Between Law Enforcement and Minority Communities

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