MLA Homo habilis

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Homo habilis
Homo habilis is a hominid species that dates back to around 1.2-1.5
million years ago. The first specimen of this species was discovered by
Jonathan Leaky in 1960, in Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania and was given the
name OH 7. The species is also known as the “handy man” due to its
ability to use its hands. The traits of being handy, skilful, and able earned
the species the Latin name, habilis. Homo habilis is considered as one of
the very early species in the genus of Homo. Other countries where the
fossil remains of the species have been discovered include Kenya,
Ethiopia, and South Africa (Dalling p72).
Mainly, the fossils are a representation of the skull (cranial), the
dental/teeth, and the skeletal below the cranium. The morphology of the
cranium, in relation to size and shape of Homo habilis is considerably
different from that of the Australopithecus. However, it shares most of the
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traits with its ancestor in the genus Australopithecus. The close similarity
in the postcranial skeletal shows that the Homo habilis was much similar to
the Australopithecus (Frederick E. Grine p143).
When compared to its predecessor, the species seem to have a much
bigger brain capacity, estimated at around 680 cubic centimetres. The big
brain capacity shows that the species was able to think. They also
displayed a slanting forehead and the bony region just above the eye
sockets was quite enlarged. Unlike the Australopithecus, the jaws and the
face of this species were smaller.
Most of the fossil remains of the Homo habilis were discovered in
Kenya and Tanzania, both located in the north-eastern part of the African
continent (Matt Cartmill p11). At the time of discovery, these areas were
mainly of semi-arid grasslands with intervals of woodlands.
Palaeontologists believe that many species of the early man had inhabited
the woodlands, which is evident in the remains of the Homo habilis.
Another evident that the Homo habilis had inhabited the grasslands is the
nature of their foot bone, which shows an adaptation to walk upright. The
upright stature was useful for them to wonder the tall grasses. Their legs
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also showed muscle attachment, a structure that would enable them to
invert their feet and facilitate climbing of trees.
At the time of the evolution of Homo habilis, the traditional forest
foods such as fruits were already becoming scarce. Therefore, the species
was forced to find alternative sources of food to supplement their
nutritional needs. Meat became a part of their diet. The meat was mainly
obtained by scavenging on the carcases of animals. They were not good
hunters and were equally not willing to take the risk of snatching meat
from fearless hunters (BBC, October 2014).
Homo habilis are believed to be the first of man’s ancestors to
manufacture tools from stones. This important step shows a great change in
their mental abilities and consequently a positive change towards finding
new strategies for survival. The very first tools included the choppers,
scrapers, and core tools (Matt Cartmill p12).
It is also believed that Homo habilis is one of the oldest member
species of the genus Homo. Yet some evidence claim that the species
might have shown quite similar characteristics to species belonging to the
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genus Australopithecus. By considering the shape and size of the body,
manner of movement, mastication, and the size of the brain, some
scientists feel that the adaptive strategies of Homo habilis were more
similar to those of Australopithecus compared to the modern man. As a
result, they argue that homo habilis need to be classified under the genus
Australopithecus. The debate between scientist is to establish what needs
to be given priority between phylogeny and adaptive strategies when a
proper definition if genus is to be arrived at (Instirute of Human Origins,
2008).
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Works Cited
BBC. Science & Nature. 14 October 2014.
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/cavemen/factfiles/homo_habilis.shtm
l>.
Dalling, Robert. The Story of Us Humans, from Atoms to Today's
Civilization. Lincoln: iUniverse, 2004.p72
Frederick E. Grine, John G Fleagle, Richard E. Leakey. The First Humans:
Origin and Early Evolution of the Genus Homo. Springer, 2009.p143
Instirute of Human Origins. Becoming Human: Homo habilis. 2008.
<http://www.becominghuman.org/node/homo-habilis-essay>.
Matt Cartmill, Fred H. Smith. The Human Lineage. Wiley, 2009.p10-23

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