Mobile Technology And Security Forensic

Running head: MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY FORENSICS 1

Mobile Technology and Security Forensic

Name

Institution

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY FORENSICS 2

Abstract

The focus of information technology has shifted away from the desktop and laptop computers

and become more mobile with innovations in the palm of individuals hands. Being widespread

across every sector of the society, the latest generation of mobile technology is becoming

increasingly utilized. Rather than being used as phones, mobile technology can be applied as

computers due to their powerful computing capabilities, large screens, capacious memories, and

open operating systems that promote and support the development of applications. The mobile

computing has exponentially grown in importance over the past few years. The technology is

transcending common interfaces, banking, business, education, law enforcement, government,

and other sectors in the country. While emerging mobile technologies offer various benefits to

the society, organizations, and individuals, there is an indispensable necessity of raising

awareness on the increasing security, privacy, and probable negative consequences that relate to

the speedy embrace of these technologies. Complicating this further, mobile devices are a target

for criminals to exploit cyber weaknesses while also being an elusive means to coordinate,

sustain, or execute an attack. The rapid development of innovation and embracing new

technologies, applications, and hardware continue to be a challenge for digital forensics and

investigations. This paper provides an objective overview of the digital security forensic and

mobile technology and incident response capabilities for a law enforcement entity that has

limited the understanding and the capacity of the latter. The paper describes mobile investigative

challenges and the techniques and technologies available to perform mobile forensic

examinations. Besides, the personal perspective on the future is expounded in the paper.

Key words: mobile technology, security, mobile forensic, innovation.

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY FORENSICS 3

Mobile Technology and Security Forensic

Mobile Technology Overview

Mobile technology can be said to be a set of devices that are utilized for cellular

communication. However, for the law enforcement community, the more appropriate definition

would be applications that are both transportable and provide immediate access to a wide range

of information. With various types of mobile technology devices that are accessible today, it is

becoming increasingly apparent that the industry is less location dependent and more portable

like never before. On April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a leading engineer at Motorola, made the

world first cell phone call when he called an opponent telecommunication firm and told them

that he was talking through a mobile phone. Cooper was using a phone that weighed 1.1

kilograms, and its dimensions were 228x127x44 mm. Such a kind of the prototype device took

approximately ten hours to charge for 30 minutes of talk-time. Several years later during the

1980s, first business mobile phones referred to as Motorola DynaTAC 8000X that was released

by Motorola Company. The device could store 30 phone numbers, was on standby for six hours,

and provided roughly 30 minutes of talk time ("April 3, 1973: Motorola Calls AT&T ... by Cell,"

2017).

Automated analog cellular networks around the world are referred to as the 1G. It was

first created and deployed in Tokyo in the year 1979 and was vastly spread throughout Japan. In

the same year, Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden also received 1G. It took approximately

two more years before the 1G technology was launched in the United States. The first such a

network in the Northern part of America was referred to as Advanced Mobile Phone System

(AMPS). Significant issues of security arose from such a kind of the network. However, in 1993,

the problems of privacy did not stop the world’s first cell phone from launching the 1G network.

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY FORENSICS 4

At this point, the consumers could not care about security, and they just call people across the

nation and thought that it was great since they owned a mobile phone.

Despite flaws including the heavy weight, the lower battery life, and the high price tag,

the DynaTAC mobile phone was outrageously successful. The old AMPS by the year 1990 was

substituted by Digital AMPS. Its services were closed across the Northern part of America by

2008. This marked the end of the AMPS era. Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) and AMPS have been

phased out in favor of GSM and CDMA2000. It gave a chance for higher capacity data transfers

for modern services called the wireless Internet access and Multimedia Messaging System. The

CDMA and GSM have allowed a wide variety of mobile devices to connect and transmit data

globally.

AMPS is based on the primary electromagnetic radiations for cellular examination by the

FCC (Federal Communications Commission). It is a typical arrangement for the analog signal

cellular mobile service unit that is used in the USA and other nations. Later, AMPS became the

widely utilized cellular system in the country. Along with the second generation of mobile

devices; the 2G cellular networks began emerging in the year 1990s. At this point, the American

and European networks started splitting and competing against each other. Both of the

arrangements utilized digital transmission technologies instead of the analogs. It allowed for

essential SMS communication and came with more benefits like faster networking and better

security.

Indubitably, the 2G networks initiated cell phone networks to individuals all over the

globe. Surprisingly, almost every person appeared to have the demand for a phone in their daily

living. After a short period, the need outshined the already available 2G technology. In this

regard, the latter could not keep companies and researchers since they wanted the higher speed

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY FORENSICS 5

and to browse the Internet faster. It led to the occurrence of the 3G network throughout the

world. The first 3G system of the world was once again launched in Tokyo in May 2001.

Moving from 2G to 3G had several benefits including utilizing the packet switching instead of

the circuit switching to transmit information. Besides, it allowed for speedy transmission of data.

Without a doubt, this shift enabled the mobile devices to be fast enough to support music

streaming and online video. There were approximately 295 million users of 3G around the world

by the year 2007.

It became clear that before the end of the first decade of the 21 century, 3G networks

were overpowered by bandwidth-intensive applications. In this regard, the use of 4G network

arose as an improvement of the 3G technology. The 4G offered speeds of up to 10 times faster

than the already existing networks. WiMax and LTE 4G technologies were developed for high-

speed mobile broadband Internet services (Kumar, 2008). Both techniques allow global wireless

data connection network for laptops and mobile devices. In the cellular industry, the current LTE

has proven to be the choice for most cellular companies. LTE is compatible with previous mobile

technologies, provides the superior speed for the mobile users and improved technology for

power utilization of mobile terminals, and can better save battery life of portable terminals over

WiMax.

Understanding the evolution of mobile technology in society illustrates the need to

comprehend the types of mobile devices better ("Get to Know All of the Mobile Computing

Devices Available," 2016). Several kinds of mobile devices exist in the market. There are many

mobile tools available; some of them are highlighted below.

Laptops

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY FORENSICS 6

Laptops are portable computing devices that are made to carry out the lot that a desktop

personal computer can do. The most portable and smallest notebooks have screen sizes of 13

inch or less and can weigh less than 5 pounds. Laptops are travel-friendly and exceed the

computing power of the cell phone devices.

Netbooks

Netbooks are devices that carry out and execute most of the functions of a laptop or a

desktop but in this case, it is portable. Netbooks look like mini laptops that weigh as little as two

pounds with screens that rarely exceed ten to twelve inches. Netbooks have been in existence

since the year 2008 and are characterized by different dependencies relating to a network.

Netbooks are not expensive and have long battery lives.

Tablet PCs

Tablets are a category of cell phone computing devices. They are less dependent on

weight and size and take input from touch-screen or stylus. Earlier on, tablet personal computers

ran a tablet-customized version of Windows XP and utilized pen-based computing. Currently,

tablets are abandoning running similar OS as laptops and desktops and, instead, are applying

mobile operating systems like Android and iOS. Such kinds of tablets excel at cloud computing

and provide a wealth of mobile applications.

Smartphones

Smartphones are devices that drive mobility for both consumer and professional

purposes. Android phones and iPhones are the devices that show the rapid growth in popularity.

Smartphones are proven to be more practical in the marketplace and with smaller screen sizes

than mobile Internet devices. They are large devices of communication enabling productivity

anywhere and anytime ("Get to Know All of the Mobile Computing Devices Available," 2016).

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY FORENSICS 7

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

The last, but not the least, are the PDAs that are almost extinct. PDAs’ users exist in

small numbers. PDAs like HP Ipaq and Dell Axim are going out of favor because smartphones

can carry out their functions. The earliest adopters of PDA were the users of business, and

therefore, there is the varied business-oriented PDA software that is still in existence ("Get to

Know All of the Mobile Computing Devices Available," 2016).

The devices discussed above have been significant in the technology of mobile phones’

marketplaces. Other various devices can share, create, and synchronize data and information.

These devices include personal navigation devices, digital video cameras, and gaming consoles.

A critical function of mobile technology is connectivity that offers the ability for devices

to pass information over a network. A portable or cellular network is a communication set of

connections that use the last one that is wireless. It is shared over the Earth’s areas referred to as

cells that are served by fixed-location transceivers called cell sites or base stations. In order to

eliminate interference and present guaranteed quality service contained by each cell, the latter

utilizes a distinct set of frequencies from neighboring cells. The said cells offer radio coverage

over a wide geographical area when they are joined together, thus enabling a considerable

number of mobile transceivers to communicate with one another.

Cellular Phone Technology

In mobile phone technology, signals carrying text, voice or digital information are

transmitted through radio waves from one device to the other. The data in cellular networks are

transmitted through a global network of receivers and transmitters. In this case, data is not

broadcasted to a central hub or directly from device to device (Lerner, 2013). Receiving and

transmitting of information are conducted over two distinct frequencies. Each of the base stations

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY FORENSICS 8

is linked to the primary telephone connection network and, therefore, relays cell phone calls to

landline devices. Base stations are connected via a center switch that tracks and transfers calls

from one base station to the other as callers move from one cell to another. Ideally, the handoff is

unnoticeable and seamless (Lerner, 2013).

Mobile Switching Centers (MSC)

The MSC links call by switching the digital data packs from one path of the network to

the other. Besides, the MSC offers data that is required to give support to the cellular service

subscribers such as authentication of information and user registration. Furthermore, MSC keeps

a record of the locale of mobile users, administers handovers to neighboring base stations, and is

responsible for subscriber’s billing and services. To elucidate on this, a base station controller

(BSC) is an indispensable mobile network element that controls base transceivers stations (BTS)

or cell sites. A BSC removes MSC base station operation management needs, thus giving a

chance to the latter to handle crucial tasks like database management and traffic balancing.

How Mobile Phones Communicate

In real terms, mobile phones utilize radio waves to pass information. Radio waves

transfer or convey еру digitized data or voice in the form of oscillating magnetic and electric

fields that are referred to as EMFs (Electro-Magnetic Field). Radio waves travel in the air at the

speed of light and carry the information. They are transmitted in all directions. Cellular phones

are necessarily a two-way radio that comprises a radio receiver and transmitter. As an instance,

when a person chats with another individual on a mobile phone, the handset transforms a tone of

voice into an electrical signal that is conveyed via radio waves to the adjacent cell tower. The

radio waves are then transferred by the set of connections to the cell phone of another person that

then again converts the electrical signal back to the sound once again.

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY FORENSICS 9

An antenna is used in receiving and transmitting particular radio wave frequencies. A

modern cell phone has more compact antennas inside. On the other hand, older generations have

extractable and external ones. Besides, modern smartphones have Bluetooth, WI-Fi, and GPS

antennas. In the devices, any metallic components may interact with transmission antennas and

lead to a pattern of the transmitted signal.

Trends in Mobile Technology

Mobile technology trends change consistently, while the whole industry is still growing

at a rapid pace. Learning new devices with evolving technology changes the landscape of mobile

technology on a yearly basis. It means that there are companies and consumers that play a part in

changing the world. When it comes to technology, especially mobile technology, the continuous

evolution strives for new heights such as mobile app development, techniques, and optimized

mobility platforms. The cloud-based mobile applications and services have enabled consumer

and business greater flexibility sharing and syncing data across mobile devices, though the

mobile trends pose a significant challenge for the law enforcement community. There are several

operating systems in the industry today. However, two are leading the way, namely Google

Android and Apple iOS.

Methods of Extracting Information from Mobile Devices

There are various techniques for extracting data and information from mobile phone

devices. The manual operation accesses the phone via the client or user’s interface. The process

is usually videotaped or photographed so that all details are documented and the chain of

protection is preserved (Kubi, Saleem & Popov, 2011). The information that can be retrieved is

the one that is available or that can be accessed through the operating system. Logical acquisition

technique is a method of information extraction that interacts with mobile devices by the use of

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY FORENSICS 10

protocols like Object exchange (OBEX) and AT commands (Afonin, 2016). In this case, the data

that is reachable through the operating system is extracted. OBEX is a practice or a behavior that

is close to the binary version of the HTTP that is utilized over the communication on the Internet.

Challenges and Threats

With the ever-changing and advancing technological features, the creation and the

explosion of smartphone devices have brought the issues of security of mobile devices into the

focus. Due to the significant improvements and advancements in both the operating systems and

the hardware, such devices have rapidly become winning goals and targets for evil and malicious

attacks. Symbian, iOS, and Android, which are the advanced mobile platforms, increasingly bear

a resemblance to the traditional systems for personal computers. It means that the problems in

implementing or putting into effect the cell phone security are similar to the challenges that are

present in the personal computers platforms. Smartphones can be infected with viruses, worms,

and Trojan horses if a malicious content is installed. The aforementioned can compromise the

privacy and the security of the user, or it can even gain the total control over the gadget. It is due

to advancements in the mobile network technologies that offer mobile devices with the capability

of the constant Internet connection over Wi-Fi or 3G set of connections.

Furthermore, the improvement in the features of the smartphones has introduced new

kinds of concerns regarding security. Malicious applications can gain way in or admittance to

cameras, voice-recording devices, and location information and interrupt SMS messages by

compromising the mobile operating systems. These kinds of security infringements immensely

challenge the privacy of the users.

Mobile devices like smartphones and cell phones have become an integral part of the

daily lives of individuals. As such, the devices are prone to easing and making possible the

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY FORENSICS 11

activities of criminal acts or, in short, they are involved when a crime takes place. Handheld

devices contain personal information that may include text messages, credit card numbers,

passwords, address books, memos, calendar items, videos, digital images, e-mails, and the call

history. The devices can be utilized in exchanging photos, blogs, connecting to social networks,

accessing the Internet, recording audio and video, taking notes, and communicating. Higher

transmission rates give a chance for people to transfer a considerable amount of data as the

computing power of such gadgets advances. Mobile devices fit into a bag or a pocket, and thus

an individual can carry them wherever he or she goes. It can be utilized to establish and find out

the whereabouts of a person at a specific period.

The data that is associated with and stored in mobile phones can assist in addressing

critical matters and questions in an investigation. In this case, it reveals information on whom

persons were with or have been in contact with, where they have been, and what they have been

communicating. In essence, mobile gadgets are a dynamical scheme that presents challenges

from a perspective of security forensics.

Numerous mobile devices have made it hard to create a single tool or procedure to

address all possible occurrences. There have been a massive number of low-end phones utilizing

legacy operating systems in addition to a growing variety of platforms and mobile devices

comprising of Windows Mobile, Apple iPhone, Blackberry, and Android systems. When

preserving mobiles as a source of proof or evidence, there are some specific considerations to be

made. Most of the mobile gadgets are networked devices that allow for receiving and sending

information via Wi-Fi access points, telecommunication systems, and Bluetooth. Digital

evidence can be wholly lost since it is vulnerable to be overwritten by remote destruction

commands or by new data that it receives or sends over a wireless set of connections.

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY FORENSICS 12

Indubitably, it is essential to interact with the device to extract data and information. In this case,

it may alter or destroy the already available evidence.

From a legal point of view, a significant advantage of mobile devices is that they may

hold information that has been deleted even after a person tries to make it unrecoverable. Flash

memory chips usage to keep data is the underlying reason for the persistence of deleted

information on mobile gadgets. It is difficult to destroy since it is physically durable against

pressure, high temperature, and the general impact. The flash memory has restricted and

constrained a number of writes and can be erased only block by block. The cell phone waits until

a block is complete before deleting or erasing data. During a forensic investigation,

understanding probable locations on mobile devices looks at the SIM card for likely or probable

information. SIM cards consist of RAM, ROM, and a microprocessor that are assigned to a

particular ICC-ID (Integrated Circuit Card Identifier). The latter has what is referred to as the

mobile network code (MNC), the serial number of the card, and the mobile county code (MCC).

These kinds of cards are utilized to validate users on UMTS and GSM set of connections.

Furthermore, the cards have information that relates to the user and the network including

subscribers’ personal identification number (PIN), authentication key, and phone number.

Besides, the SIM card has an IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) that is

connected to the subscriber, and it consists of a user’s identification number, a mobile network,

and a country code. The card also may hold a Location Area Identity (LAI) and Temporary

Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) that change every time a gadget moves to a new place within

the mobile set of connections. Commonly, the subscriber does not know or quickly access the

information stored on the SIM card. TMSI is mostly employed over the radio connection to keep

away from revealing the IMSI number to other individuals.

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY FORENSICS 13

Regulations and Laws Governing the Search and Seizure of Mobile Devices

Specific laws and regulations govern the seizure and the search of mobile gadgets.

Mobile technology has become the mainstream of the life of the American people. Many

individuals throughout the globe spend most of their time using mobile devices and computers to

receive and send email, maintain databases, surf the Internet, and take part in other countless

activities. Regrettably, law offenders use mobile technology in negative ways. In this case, they

utilize network servers, mobile phones, and laptop computers in committing severe criminal

offenses. Indubitably, law enforcement agents and prosecutors should understand how to obtain

electronic evidence that is kept on the devices due to the drastic rise in computer-related crimes.

In criminal cases, electronic documents and records like image files, word processing data, and

email and computer network logs have been increasingly offering the relevant authority the

essential and significant evidence that, in criminal examinations, according to the United States’

laws, has two primary sources including the statutory privacy laws codified at 18 U.S.C. §§

3121-27, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510-22 and 18 U.S.C. §§ 2701- 12 and the Fourth Amendment to the

U.S. Constitution. Even though the legal issues and constitutional matters have common

characteristics in some cases, most situations present a legal problem under the three statutes or a

constitutional question under the Fourth Amendment. A seizure or an examination of property

according to the U.S Supreme Court takes place in a situation where there is the meaningful

interference with the possessory interest of the individual in that property. Besides, the court has

featured the interception of elusive or insubstantial communications as a form of attack.

Consequently, criminal investigators should make a consideration of two things when

asking if a warrant is required by a government search of a computer. First of all, they should

consider if the search or the seizure infringes a reasonable privacy expectation and if it is allowed

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY FORENSICS 14

since it falls within an exemption to the obligation of a warrant. Techniques of investigation can

then be outlined in a logical or systematic approach ("Forensic Examination of Digital Evidence:

A Guide for Law Enforcement," n.d.). This preliminary step of the forensic examination is very

critical since it assists in determining the features of the incident and defines the best technology

that can be used in identifying, preserving, and gathering evidence. The next consideration is

learning the system description where an investigator begins collecting information regarding a

specific incident. The general configuration and an outline of the operating systems will then be

given, and the procedure turns the evidence acquisition. Probable sources of data are identified to

ensure the chain of custody, acquire non-volatile and volatile data, and verify the integrity of the

information (Pollitt, Noblett, Strang, Kerr & Presley, 2002).

The timeline analysis and investigation would then be developed by the agent. The

aforementioned is a critical phase and indispensable since it involves information like when files

were changed, modified, created, and accessed in a readable form. This step aims to create a

picture of the operations carried out in the system including date, source, action, and artifact

involved. The investigator then assesses the files downloaded, programs executed, browsers

used, files deleted, directories opened, and files clicked. In case the Windows system is being

analyzed, the super timeline can be created to integrate many sources into one file. Another key

step is the memory analysis that is carried out to evaluate the network connections, rogue

procedures, evidence of code injection, user handles, and process paths. Law enforcement should

be aware of the anti-forensic approaches that may impact conclusions as well as the investigation

analysis.

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY FORENSICS 15

Threats in Mobile Technology

Cyber-security has many facets so it is challenging for the IT department of an

organization, law enforcement community, and telecommunications companies to understand

what to focus their energy on. There are few threats in mobile technology. The first is a need for

cell phones in the daily life, which means that people bring their devices everywhere. It is the

fact that these gadgets can be connected from almost any place. The ability to access personal

information and employer’s information makes data be in open settings for criminals. Not only

can SD cards, SIM cards, and phones be stolen, there can be clones or the steal of information

without exchanging hardware. Clone phones, skimmers, cyber-attacks are only some avenues

used to acquire the information. Connecting to a network when outside at school, in a coffee

shop, a neighbor’s house, a hotel, or a local hotspot becomes the second nature for most

Americans.

People connect to their home alarms systems, online bill pay, thermostat, automobiles,

TV, tablets, and cameras. Connectivity is a beneficial aspect of technologies that provides

convenience and efficiency. The problem is creating more opportunities to become

compromised. The society is giving the criminals the access to people’s data. There are even

countries with the state-sponsored hackers. In cyber security, the risk of being hacked is 1,

meaning that a hack will occur. Therefore, the industry is working to reduce the risk by different

measures. Though the ability of this multilevel connectivity to multiple devices and networks in

a matter of minutes is the great convenience, it provides vulnerabilities to people’s life without

their knowledge. The technology gift is also its curse.

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY FORENSICS 16

Analysis and Presentation of Forensic Information

This section of the white paper expounds the presentation and analysis of digital forensic

knowledge and report. More often than not, mobile devices and computers are at the heart of

investigations and incidences. Crucial data from electronic gadgets belonging to the affected

parties can be extracted and used in the court of laws as material evidence for the jury. PC proper

investigation is carried out after the standard modernized criminological procedure that includes

investigation, examination, revealing and procurement. Custom criminology devices are utilized

during the analysis of the personal computers from inside the working structure. When managing

encryption file systems, the practice of investigation is indispensable. In this case, before the PC

is shut down, the logical hard drive volume might be imaged in a situation where the encryption

keys might be gathered.

Critical tools that can be used in analysis and investigation of digital forensic data include

recuperation of erased documents, stochastic crime scene investigation and investigation

apparatuses. Under recovery of deleted documents, we find that it is a typical strategy that is

used as part of forensic investigations. Stochastic crime scene evaluation involves exploring

information regarding the robbery. Distinct business apparatuses and open sources exist for

various mobile and PC forensic investigations.

More often than not, digital forensic investigations take standard digital phases and

procedures that comprise of acquisition, analysis, examination, and reporting. In this case,

investigations are carried out on acquired images which are mostly referred to as static data.

Various techniques are utilized during digital forensics investigations including live analysis,

cross-drive analysis, and deleted files. The live analysis involves the investigations of mobile

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY FORENSICS 17

devices or computers from within the OS by use of existing sysadmin tools or custom forensics

to recover evidence. This practice is indispensable when dealing with encryption of file systems.

Deleted files are a conventional approach that is utilized in digital forensics. Most file systems

and operating systems do not remove or eliminate file data thus giving a chance to the

investigators to retrieve them from physical disk devices. On the other hand, file carving

involves reconstructing erased content and searching for the unknown file headers within the

disk picture. Cross-drive analysis is an approach that correlates data that exist on multiple hard

drives.

File System Analysis and Techniques for Working through Security Measures

Most evidence is found in the record framework of personal computers. In a circumstance

where there is little or no documentation, the record frameworks stand out to be the testing ideas

for computerized agents. Security master Brian Carrier has come up with the definitive reference

for everybody who needs to comprehend and have the capacity to affirm about how the

document framework investigation is carried out. A diagram of the examination and PC

establishments gives a definitive, outline of contemporary volume and document frameworks

that includes crucial data for recuperating erased information and approving the devices (Saukko

& Knight, 2016). On the other hand, it portrays information structures and dissects case circle

pictures.

Third-Party Applications

Third party applications are constraining agents to open their eyes to an entire distinctive

informational index which a significant number of people don't consider on cell phones. Agents

must know how to get to this data keeping in mind the end goal to acquire that evidence. While

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY FORENSICS 18

there are digital devices accessible that make a decent showing with regards to pulling third party

application information, these apparatuses commonly concentrate on the most well-known

applications (Dawson & Omar, 2015). With new apps turning out each day, it is progressively

troublesome for merchants to keep up. While merchants strive to guarantee their devices are

finding and pulling information, regularly, they are ignorant that they are missing information

until somebody calls attention to out or by discovering it through manual techniques. A manual

examination is prescribed as the most dependable approach to locating information.

Data Carving, File System, and Compound File Analysis

Record cutting is a notable digital forensic investigation term used to represent the ID and

extraction of document varieties from un-allocated bunches utilizing record marks. A document

signature is a content value or numerical used to differentiate a record that is put together. The

reason for cutting is to recognize and remove (cut) the document given this mark data alone.

Scientific Explorer offers cutting backing for more than 300 record sorts. It additionally

underpins layered cutting: Bunch based record cutting in a bunch based record framework like

FAT or NTFS another document must begin in another group. After that, the document signature

shows up almost a bunch limit. Cutting rate is in this manner accomplished via looking for

document marks just close to collection limits (Saukko & Knight, 2016).

The presentation of a case report

This is the last section that will present various strategies for presenting material evidence

to a jury. There are multiple methods in which confirmation can be exhibited to a tribunal with

the goal for them to completely comprehend the way of what they are being told or appeared.

These strategies may incorporate the utilization of visual guides, video film, still photos, indexed

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY FORENSICS 19

bits of proof, sound recordings and the transcripts of discussions that have occurred. Any of

these strategies might be utilized over the span of a trial and relying upon the way of the

prosecution and the seriousness of the wrongdoing. Besides, it is very critical that the jury visit

the scene of the crime and utilize digital forensic tools in analyzing data.

Biggest Threat

My perspective on the most significant threat by cyber-criminals using mobile

technology in the years to come such as Ransomware attacks increases as cyber offense goes

high tech. Ransomware is found on desktops and mobile tools, and it can also be a threat on

there. Now we are going to talk about the different kinds of mobile Ransomware. Many of

people already recognize what Ransomware is. It is extensive and most aggravating. A type of

desktop Ransomware is mainly the crypto locker where it changes your information and offers to

reinstate it if you forfeit ransom. The main blocker is another Ransomware that blocks browsers

and operating systems from functioning and needs a ransom toward return access. The desktop

blockers are small extensive than crypto Ransomware because the latter is extra well organized

at funneling cash into the hands of criminals. No crypto locker survives on Android devices

because of the operating system, as well as apps that create cloud backups. When an individual

has their files backed up, there is no need to pay a ransom, and the creators have small incentive

toward attack Android clients (Dawson & Omar, 2015).

In conclusion, new phone models are being developed internationally. The focus of

information technology has shifted away from the desktop and laptop computers and become

more mobile with technology in the palm of individuals hands. While emerging mobile

technologies offer various benefits to the society, organizations, and individuals, there is an

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY FORENSICS 20

indispensable necessity of raising the awareness on the increasing security, privacy, and probable

negative consequences that relate to the speedy embrace of these technologies. This paper

provided an overview of the mobile technology and digital forensic incident response capacities

for a law enforcement entity that has constrained the capacity and the expertise with mobile

forensics. Furthermore, mobile investigative challenges, techniques, and technologies that are

available to perform the forensic examination were also discussed in this paper.

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY FORENSICS 21

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