Modernity In East Asian

CONCEPT OF MODERNITY IN EAST ASIAN

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Concept of Modernity in East Asian

Abstract

There has been a remarkable growth in the economy of East Asia within the recent

decades and this has transformed the impoverished societies together with the societies that

largely depend on agriculture, making the region as one of the most dynamic in this

contemporary world. This research paper aimed at discussing the various aspects of this

modernity in the region of East Asia as a whole. First of all, it looks upon the East Asian

modernity context as a whole with the symbiosis from colonization or even modernization to the

various questions arising about the types of colonialism which indeed affected the region to bring

about the continued development in a distinctive manner. It also looks at the Hallyu growth

within the region and the general essence of Hallyu as it has been able to consistently grow in an

exponentially manner since its inception as a mere cultural phenomenon. The issue of second

modernity in the nations within East Asia is also dwelt upon while following the modernization

track in a manner that has helped building the region as a whole. An overall opinion is also given

for the argument, as it is apparent that the region of East Asia has embraced the essence of

modernity to the point that it now differs from that in the Western countries with respect of the

pull factors to the cultural-discursive nature and this has indeed aided the transformation that is

being witnessed for the second-modernity. This also helps in drawing a conclusion for the paper

at large.

Introduction

The East Asia's middle classes that have been inspirationally burgeoning with a rapid

urbanization has led to the expansion in its participatory democracy together with a shift from

the command economies into the de-regulated markets and this has had a profound effect upon

the everyday lives of people in the region. There has also been the Hallyu effect which has been

able to bring change to the region of Eastern Asia. It is regarded to consist of various production

forms that have to an extent been working synergistically to each other. Beck (2008) affirms that

the productions in the effect of the hallyu or Korean wave include sectors such as that of the film

industry or even that of television presentations. There is also the sector of pop music together

with dancing, fashion or even cosmetics. Other areas that have been affected by the Korean wave

includes the video games together with the food industry.

Their diverse practices in terms of culture which have for a long time been shaping the

local livelihoods or even their expectations has been on the forefront for the modernity being

experienced in the region. This research offers an elaboration of the culture, together with the

concept of modernity and even globalization within the region of East Asia. Gidddens (1995)

says that there are relevant themes that bring about the concept of modernity in the region

including the changing traditions together with popular culture, their adaptive customs being

used and even cosmopolitanism. Other are migration and their citizenship, the political identity

together with their own social movements which bring about the distinctive governance forms in

a collective or self-cultivating manner.

East Asian Modernity Context

Whenever the symbiosis from colonization or even modernization in association to other

regions of the world that is non-Western is recognized, there are questions arising quickly about

the types of colonialism which indeed affected the region of East Asia or their general formation

and the continued development within the region in a distinctive in proportion to the universal

characteristics. It is therefore imperative for one to be able to pay a closer attention onto the

historical contexts that is more distinctive from the region and such an exercise as Han (1997)

alludes to, is capable of enabling the audience to contemplate on the universality of this

modernity concept from East Asia.

Beck (2008) talks of a unique feature within the East Asia's region with its general

concept of colonialism and modernity. He says that both happened to be primary or unique in the

sense that there was emergence of the nation of Japan in the region, noting that it was the sole

non-Western nation with imperial power to colonize others in the region. Indeed Japan was

functioning as a non- White colonizer in the region, yet they were no different in terms of racism

to the other colonizers. Its colonial subjects were Taiwan, the Korea together with some parts in

the larger China.

Han (1997) adds that such a move during the colonial times was the cause for Japan to

strive and differentiate themself from “others” in the East Asia region and this could also be used

as a tool to be able to justify their own imperialism in the position they had elevated to. In the

long run, this striving brought about a sense of modernity in the region as their own development

indeed spread into the other regions that it was colonizing.

In the region of East Asia, many nations have an atmosphere that is more ambivalent at

its best and this indeed necessitates social status that is cosmopolitan as Gidddens (1995) says.

The tendency isn’t any unique in the nations such as Japan or even China, where the politics of

the day together with the public opinion always seem to be increasingly shaped with the

nationalistic drives within their own status quo. However, there should be a careful attention at

this illusion by Yan (2010) in the sense that there should be a general recognition to the

capability of East Asia to be able to deconstruct the Euro-centric concept that was then existing

with the replacement of a modernity through reconstruction with genuine plurality from their

historical trajectories. Such has been the added advantage as they are able to even rival the nation

from the west so as to generate the modernity in such a second-modernism transformation.

Beck (2008) also tries to explore a possible role that could have been played by the

Eastern Asia countries such as japan and china in an attempt to “correct or redefine self-

understanding for the European modernity” in general. He looks at “the whole Europe from the

perspective that does not involve non-European nations; meaning with the perspective of the

Asian eyes. Cosmopolitan nuances of self-reflection could not have been better formulated.

Such a perspective may indeed help to define or even be able to understand the existing

relationship between the East Asian to that of the Western nations using their own trajectories

that could have led towards the transformation hence modernism was achieved. Though

interconnected deeply, Beck et al. (2010) affirm that these pathways may also have been the

compelling differences in both the modernity from Western nations and the East Asian nations.

Historical Reflection

There has been a concern for the extent to which transitional justice has arisen to despite

the fact that there is the concept of modernity in this region of East Asia. There is also the

essence of coming to terms give the past history in the region that is quite pivotal so as to clarify

and even establish the given political framework. For instance, the region of Europe currently

has had the tendencies to face serious crisis in terms of finances (Beck et al., 2010).

It has also remained to be ahead of the other regions as it has continue to move towards

the cosmopolitan development thereby attaining such a transformation through the cosmopolitan

cooperation of the European Union. Such a transformation in terms of their economy has brought

about modernity and this has been realized because of many factors that made them realize the

considerable success within the transitional justice. On the same front, Kim (1997) asserts that

the East Asian region indeed differs from that of Europe.

For instance, Beck (2008) says that the nation of Japan took a pathway which was

drastically different from the one that was taken by the nation of Germany, given the fact that the

two nations were initially forced both forced to undergo the military courts tribunal. It is

apparent that Japan almost ended up failing in the essence of transitional justice and

consequently, they have created tensions or even conflicts with the nations in the East Asian

region at large.

Despite realization of such a flourishing interaction for sectors such as that of commerce,

the tourism industry, their own cultures, the education sector, expertise, and many others, they

ended lacking a strategy and plan to ascertain the transitional justice which would have helped

the East Asian nations to form a regional community with unity that would really be genuine.

Such a reflection therefore leads one to center upon the authoritarian modernization within the

East Asian region as a whole.

The overall historical reflection for the East Asian countries may be derived from the

investigation of specific powers in their own configuration in the essence of bureaucratic-

authoritarian status. Beck (2008) says that the origin for this bureaucratic-authoritarian status

traces back up to nineteenth century where there was Meiji restoration in the year 1862. At this

time, Japan indeed developed a very strong status of bureaucracy so that it could help them to

launch their own modernization. A similar bureaucratic-authoritarian state was also seen to

emerge in the nation of South Korea through a military coup in the year 1961 as it ended up

being consolidated by reforms of the Yushin in the year 1972.

Han and Shim (2010) adds that another example of such a bureaucratic-authoritarian

status that can ascertained to have been the cause for such modernism in the region of East Asia

is the one in China where the ruling system was a state of one party after the reforms in the year

1979. These are typical cases of bureaucratic authoritarianism where the various regimes in the

region of East Asia made a stronger commitment to attain economic growth or develop a

sociopolitical stability in the region.

Colonial modernity

The colonial modernity from both the historic together with the contemporary times of

East Asia have illuminated the region bringing about modern lives together with extra-ordinary

sensibilities. The essence of colonial modernity has indeed been so influential for explaining the

overall construction for the modernity of the East Asian region of recent times and the general

development in terms of economy and technology from colonial periods. There has been rapid

industrialization, a capitalist expansion and even more urbanization that have characterize the

East Asian region of today and this deems it imperative for revisiting traces of the colonial

modernity which are still evident.

Beck (2008) helps to counter the notion that the Asian modernity is static or even

coherent as he illustrates the continuity that has been realized from the colonial modernity and

gives an explanation of how it has been able to rupture since its early inception in the 1900s. He

tries to present an approach that moves beyond a dichotomist perspective and it helps to interpret

the East Asian modernity through the use of comparisons with those of the Western countries

modernity. He also reiterates the overall validity or even significance towards colonial modernity

while applying varied perspectives of the current time, in a manner which reveals the general

multiplicity for these modernity East Asia.

Gidddens (1995) says that from the onset of 1990s, there has been new approaches that

have helped to change the modernity in the East Asian region with examples such as alternative

modernity, the multiple modernity, the fluid modernity together with the vernacular modernism.

Within the region of East Asia, he further adds that there has been a state of rapid

industrialization, capitalist development and even urbanization since the World War II ended,

with the inclusion of the pop culture in the region since 1980s, which has also raised the region's

expressions for the concepts of modernity as loosely defined.

To study the general concept of modernism within the region of East Asia in an in depth

manner, Han and Shim (2010) says that one has to examine the Culture, the community together

with the nations at large. He further alludes that such a study would invite questions like “Which

East Asia region is of interest for studying this modernity?”, “What is East Asian culture?”,

“Whose East Asian identity is under focus?” together with “Which version of East Asian

modernity is of interest?” Most of all, the capitalist expansion and rapid globalization of East

Asia render it imperative to revisit the traces of colonial modernity still evident there.

According to Beck (2008), this colonial modernity has been so much influential in giving

the explanation East Asian concept of modernity while also aiding in its development at the time

frame of colonial periods. He also has a belief that the essence of colonialism is linked to

modernity, and the same modernity has essential features towards the history about industrial

capitalism in East Asia.

It is apparent that the notion about the living structure indeed captures the disparate

phenomena that including institutions, their own culture, and their social or even personal lives,

the experiences they get to pass through and also their own ideologies which have been derived

from processes such as that of colonization or even modernization. Such a notion includes things

such as the living standards and lifestyles, the incoming foreign languages, their respective art

together with the national collectives in multiple facades that are desired or visible in the region

of East Asia. From this basis, Beck et al. (2010) affirm that colonial modernity is present as it

has been able to appear and reappear in many places or even periods within the East Asian

region.

The general concept of modernity together with its overall perception for East Asia has

been of a varied opinion depending on the “who” focuses upon “what” in the region. Han and

Shim (2010) affirms that one may be of the view about the rising powers in East Asia (the like of

China, South Korea and Japan) being the best examples for such modernity and he reassures that

these nations are capable of even competing with other nations from the Western region of the

world.

Other people may be able to see this East Asian region an area which has uncertainty

prevailing in it due to several conflicting state powers interests on national levels, especially

judging by the fact that there has been historical or transitional justice. Gidddens (1995) also

reaffirms that other people may be able to see the East Asian region as being part of the new axis

in terms of civilization, or where the world history gravity is perceived to be shifting away from

that of the Western sides.

All that is considered to be at stake isn’t only the Weberian question about Confucianism

(being the functional equivalent to Protestantism) having indeed deeply contributed towards this

capitalist economy in the East Asian region with a lot of development or none at all. It is about a

broader focus towards the general cultural awakening in the Eastern Asia with the consideration

of identity and even value orientations in the very same region. The area of East Asia has been

regarded to possess profound traditions of culture and these are the definite sources for the new

inspiration or even enlightenment that has been realized in the region. From such a perspective of

colonialism modernity, the paper tries to explore current and even future modernity in East Asia

as the second-modern type of transformation.

Hallyu Concept and Modernity

Hallyu is commonly known as the famous Korean Wave and is considered to be a

phenomenon for cultural production which has been in use in overseas countries so as to promote

the Korean interests as Chang (2010) says. Their interest have been particularly received

promotion in the region of Eastern Asia with countries such as China and Japan taking the wave

to a whole new level.

This Hallyu effect has also been regarded to consist of various production forms that have

to an extent been working synergistically to each other. Beck (2008) affirms that the productions

in the effect of the hallyu or Korean wave include sectors such as that of the film industry or

even that of television presentations. There is also the sector of pop music together with dancing,

fashion or even cosmetics. Other areas that have been affected by the Korean wave includes the

video games together with the food industry.

It is also apparent that many sectors have been combined so as to make use of a single

line of production through the application of product endorsement and placement. There has

been a newer phase of development in terms of economic growth which helps to place much

more emphasizes on the role played by the intellectual property or even the creativity within the

processes of production. This has helped so much in the region of East Asia to bring about

decoupling on production cost or even on the retail prices. The end result has been a tremendous

growth in the economy of the region with many sectors booming as a result of the wave. There is

also the marketing component for these Hallyu and Chang (2010) says that the products have

been so much instrumental in the widening of the existing cost-price gap while promoting the

consumption for Korean products.

Kim (1997) also reiterates that Hallyu first came to Japan, and later on to Southeast Asia

while still spreading to several countries in the East Asian region before going to the worldwide

scale where it still has a very strong impact. By the year 2000, the 50-year ban that had been

imposed upon the exchange for the popular culture in between the nation of Korea and that of

Japan became lifted partly and this eventually improved the upsurge for the Korean culture

among all the Japanese.

The South Korea’s authorities for broadcasting continued to send their delegates to go

and promote their own TV programs together with the cultural content into several countries,

especially in the countries that are in the East Asian region. Therefore, the essence of Hallyu has

indeed played an influential role in building the economy of the nation of Korea, their

businesses, their own culture together with the country’s image at large as Gidddens (1995)

ascertains to in his study.

Since the year 1999, the Hallyu effect has become more and more pronounced to the

point that it is now among the biggest phenomena in terms of culture across the East Asian

region. The same Hallyu effect, according to Chang (2010), has been so much tremendous, to the

point that it has been contributing to around 0.2% for the general Korean GDP from the year

2004. This has been amounting to an approximate value of about 1.87 billion US dollars in year

for the nation. In more recent times, (around the year of 2014), the Hallyu effect has brought

about an estimate of around 11.6 billion US dollars and this has indeed boosted the economy of

Korea in broadness.

Han and Shim (2010) also says that the past two decades in the nation of South Korea

have been tremendous as they have managed to become one of the richest and even very

futuristic nations in the recent times. Again, it is worth noting that by the year 1965, the Korean

republic per capita GDP was even less than the one in Ghana (Chang, 2010). But for now, South

Korea has climbed the scales to become one of the largest economies in the whole world,

standing at a whopping position fifteen in overall.

There has been a downhill at some point in time for the Hallyu wave as the biggest of its

consequences was the crisis that happened within Korea bringing about the effect on its

chaebols. Beck (2008) says that the Korean chaebols became highly diversified as conglomerates

that indeed operated in almost every sector for the economic growth to be realized, with all the

chip to the ship making industries in Korea. There was an Easter Asia financial crisis that also

forced the very same chaebols to try and restructure on how their own business models were

shaped by the divesting technique for many business units or even concentrating upon their main

competencies.

The Hallyu wave ended up opening the markets in the East Asia region in the sense that it

gave the smaller players some immense opportunity for them to be able to venture into various

businesses. This gesture as Gidddens (1995) affirms indeed helped to bring more entrepreneurs

to the table as many emerged with emboldened opportunities. Indeed Korea came to realize how

they were so much dependent upon these chaebols and this meant that if the chaebols deed fail,

the nation in general would fail. The nations in the region decided to push for more information

technology as a means to continue boosting their own popular culture. These two key factors

were applied as the drivers to the future growth in the region, especially in the nation of Korea.

This growth in technology helped to create more new industries in addition to the ones

that were traditionally owned in the region for manufacturing many good. They were dependent

on these factors to boost their economy and currently, Chang (2010) reaffirms to it that the

growth has been able to bring about the modernity being witnessed in the region as a whole. The

nations in the region have been able to rise from poverty while they have become more of

industrialized, all this being attributed to their popular culture such as the Korean wave from the

year 1999. Their products have also become more important as export products that are worth

many dollars in a tune of billions and in turn, it has indeed helped to rebrand most products in the

region as it grows towards modernity.

For instance, the company of Samsung has become among the companies that are more

prominent (from the Korean chaebols), making it to seek newer growth on the outside of the

Korean nation. Chang (2010) says that Samsung’s rise has been prominently used as a very good

example for how the firms in the region of East Asia have been able to benefit from the essence

of modernity while encompassing the global interest on offer. The growth led to calls from the

nations in the region for increased emphasis upon the quality, the design and even marketing for

their brands so that they could be embraced on the global scale. There were skills being rubbed

off as they got applied in various sectors in building the economy. The calls were indeed

collective so as to increase the urge of improving the overall quality of goods and products in the

provision of superior goods within the global market.

There has been an increase in focus upon the infrastructure in the region brought about by

embracing the essence of Halyu, especially from the origin country for the popular culture being

Korean. The nations have indeed spend a significant amount of funds to be able to develop some

high-tech infrastructure such as the internet as the citizens have benefited from being able to

connect onto their global markets. According to Beck (2008), some of the nations in the region

such as that of Korea decided to invest their own funds for any start-ups within the nation.

The nations in the region of East Asia also boasted of a young generation that was so

potent and talented with a lot of energy. Given the fact that the environment they operated in was

indeed very conducive together with a rich cultural environment, there was an operational within

these nations that brought about a certain niche of excellence with more experiments being done

in within the music, the drama and the movies sectors. Han (1997) says that the economy of the

nations indeed grew since the sector of movies was growing as they embraced various topics that

were banned from being filmed, gaining more popularity across this region.

There happened to be family dramas that had a very common sensitivity within the region

due to its cultural background and this appealed to the vast population from the Asian

background. The industry become so much popular, while increasing in overall craze from

entertainment products. This dynamic shift has made the region to embrace modernity as the

young singers or even bands decide to adapt the culture from the US such as rap music. Such

entertainment products (with the likes of music, the movies and even dramas) indeed initiated

this phenomenal growth for the essence of Hallyu.

Hallyu Growth

The essence of Hallyu has been able to consistently grow in an exponentially manner

since its inception in the year of 1999 as a mere cultural phenomenon. The growth for such a

wave was totally spontaneous or even unplanned. There have been major factors that have been

able to shape various cultural environments in the region thereby sustaining its general growth or

even popularity for this wave and it has proven to be well managed from all the stakeholders.

Yui (2010) says that the brands from the East Asian nations have been growing steadily due to

the fact that nations in the region has been able to embrace modernity.

The brands in this nation have grown thereby making the economies of the nations to be

able to boom in the sense that there is a sense of modernity. By doing so, the Japanese brands

together with the other nations brands have grown tremendously. Greater brands such as

Samsung or even LG are the forerunners for creating the world class products for the consumers

in the electronics industry.

Chang (2010) affirms that other brands such as that of Hyundai or even Kia brands have

been able to grow hence enriching the economy of the region as a whole while creating a

revolution that is so similar to the revolution within their car industry. He even adds that the

brand of Hyundai, (which used to be a laughing stoke within the US) for its poor and horrible

quality has now grown to be one of the best cars with a top notch quality within the market or the

industry in general.

The other giant brands from the region which can be quoted to be part of the modernity

concept are the Japanese giants in the sense of Toyota and even that of Nissan. There increase in

quality of the research and design, their production or even the overall quality making them to be

more popular or leading brands on the globe. The essence of modernity have superior quality, the

cutting edge in designs together with contemporary feels for the products and even services

being offered.

Second Modernity

The nations in East Asia have been able to follow their modernization track in a manner

that has helped to lead the intellectuals to repeatedly assert more knowledge in building the

region as a whole. Despite Japan being the first one to lead the line for modernity, the concept of

colonialism became stronger as Japan decided to invade other Asian countries. Such a move

proved to be reckless as it ended up being catastrophic due to massive destruction of the facilities

that had brought about the essence of modernity.

Beck (2008) affirms in his text that the first concept of modernity in the region indeed

resulted in the colonial powers that brought about wars together with massive destruction with a

lot of transitional justice as prior mentioned in this paper. Although this gave rise to an

advancing politics of democracy together with stable institutions that championed for the human

rights, it was a plan in futility.

However, Beck et al. (2010) say that a resolve could be guided by the overall situation

from the colonial East Asian time period so that the second modernity in the region can be

different from the previous one in a significant manner and prevent the transitional injustice.

Therefore, the East Asian region has been able to investigate the situation with regards to the

events that took place for the current state of modernity or transformation to hold up. It is also

apparent that the second modernity isn’t in any case prototypical or doesn’t have a tendency of

self-destructiveness since it is not deeply anchored to the ideologies from the ancient times such

as the violence use to pursuit wealth or power and there is no aggression to control or safeguard

any of it in any way.

From this implication, there is a task for those who have done a historical reflection in the

region with regards to second modernity within East Asia so that they can now examine both

their successes and even deficiencies in the compressed modernity. Gidddens (1995) says that

the type of modernity in the East Asia region may be answered by use of a normative question

such as “how to overcome the legacies of the state-centered authoritarian (top-down) pattern of

rush-to modernization and the complex risks it has brought about.”

Overall Opinion

In this argument, it is apparent that the region of East Asia has embraced the essence of

modernity to the point that it now differs from that in the Western countries with respect of the

pull factors to the cultural-discursive nature for second-modernity. For instance, Beck (2008)

says that the nation of China has a certain sense of individualization which has helped in building

the blocs for this modernity as a whole. He even shows in an exceeding manner that modernity

has really embedded well in China. However, the various processes that are involved in re-

embedding has many difficulties since it involves a lot of political, or legal restrictions. It also

encompasses more institutional restrictions together with the cultural conditions brought about

by the essence of individualism that are also negligible or may be absent. In that regard, it can be

noted that the modernity concept in the region of East Asia has changed for the better with

regards to the cultural factors and any other pull factors at play in the economies of these nations.

This remarkable economic growth in the region of East Asia within the recent years or

decades has indeed been able to transform many of the impoverished or even the nations that are

largely based on the output of their agriculture in the societies. It has been turned into a more

dynamic region that has a bigger economy that is capable of rivaling the contemporary world.

The main advantage of East Asia's burgeoning economy is the aspiration that it has provided for

the middle classes in the nations of the region hence bringing about the rapid urbanization and

the expansion being witnessed through participatory democracy or a shift from the command

economies towards those that are totally de-regulated within the markets. Beck et al. (2010)

affirm that there has been a diverse culture that has managed to shape the economy of the region

judging by the expectations.

Conclusion

There happens to be a very unique feature within the East Asia's region with its general

concept of colonialism and modernity. He says that both happened to be primary or unique in the

sense that there was emergence of the nation of Japan in the region, noting that it was the sole

non-Western nation with imperial power to colonize others in the region. The modernity has

been so much influential in giving the explanation East Asian concept of modernity while also

aiding in its development at the time frame of colonial periods.

There is also a belief that the essence of colonialism is linked to modernity, and the same

modernity has essential features towards the history about industrial capitalism in East Asia. It

has also remained to be ahead of the other regions as it has continue to move towards the

cosmopolitan development thereby attaining such a transformation through the cosmopolitan

cooperation of the European Union. Such a transformation in terms of their economy has brought

about modernity and this has been realized because of many factors that made them realize the

considerable success within the transitional justice.

On the same front, it is worth of the assertion that the East Asian region indeed differs

from that of Europe. The region of East Asia has been regarded to possess profound traditions

both for their culture and practices and these are the definite sources for the new inspiration or

even enlightenment that has been realized in the region. From such a perspective of

determination from the region, it is not a surprise that such a type of modernity has been realized

and even the future modernity for the region of East Asia (the second-modernity) seems eminent

as transformation continues to take place.

References

BECK, Ulrich, 2008, “Varieties of second modernity and the cosmopolitan vision,” paper

presented at JSS Annual meeting, Nagoya University, November 6.

BECK, Ulrich and GRANDE, Edgar, 2010, “Varieties of second modernity: The cosmopolitan turn

in social and political theory and research,” British Journal of Sociology 61(3): 409–442.

CHANG, Kyung-Sup, 2010, South Korea under Compressed Modernity: Familial Political

Economy of Transition, London: Routledge.

GIDDENS, Anthony, 1995, “Living in a post-traditional society,” in Ulrich Beck et al., Reflexive

Modernization, Cambridge Press: 56–109.

HAN, Sang-Jin, 1997, “The political economy and moral institutions: The formation of the

middling grassroots in Korea,” Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 23(1–2): 71–89.

HAN, Sang-Jin and SHIM, Young-Hee, 2010, “Redefining second modernity for East Asia: A

critical qssessment,” British Journal of Sociology 61(3): 465–488.

KIM, Dae-jung, 1997, “Is culture cestiny? The myth of Asia’s anti-democratic values,” New

Shape of World Politics, Foreign Affairs: 234–241.

YAN, Yunxiang, 2010, “The Chinese path to individualization,” British Journal of Sociology

61(3): 489 –512. DOI : 10.1111/j.1468-4446.2010.01323.x

YUI, Kiyomitsu, 2010, “Multiple reflexive modernities under glocalization: Focusing on the case

of Japan,” paper presented at the Nagoya Conference organized by JSS in November.

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