Muslims in france

Running head: FRANCE’S CRIME RATE AND ISLAM 1
France’s Crime Rate and Islam
Name
Institutional Affiliation
FRANCE’S CRIME RATE AND ISLAM 2
Belkin, P., Blanchard, C. M., Ek, C., & Mix, D. E. (2011, September). Muslims in Europe:
Promoting integration and countering extremism. In CRS Report for Congress (pp.
1-49).
In this report, the authors intend to determine the measures that several European
countries have come up as they attempt to promote integration, combat terrorism, and counter
violent extremism in France, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, and the UK. All these states
contain significant Muslim populations. The researchers point out various reasons that have
influenced the idea that some segments of the Muslim population in Europe is susceptible to
terrorist recruitment and radicalization especially after the 9/11 attacks in the US. The study on
the Muslim population in France finds out that only a small number of them are involved in
either violence or disruptive behavior, and such factors as the fact that some Muslims are not
fully integrated into the French society; whereby there are huge differences in terms of education
levels, housing access, and employment rates between them and other non-Muslim citizens could
have contributed to some of the behaviors among them. However, the authors also state how the
French government has adopted measures to assist in the better assimilation of Muslims in its
attempt to address potential security threats that could emanate from Muslim communities.
Downing, J. (2015). Paris attacks: Why France must avoid viewing its Muslim population
as a security threat. LSE European Politics and Policy (EUROPP) Blog.
Downing discusses in this paper the probability that the individuals involved in terrorist
and other domestic crime in France are not necessarily Muslim but just a small fringe minority of
French citizens or even immigrants. In the paper, the author points out that the largest percentage
of individuals of Muslim faith in France that are often marginalized do not condone,
conduct, or associate themselves with these acts of terrorism. The fact that the Muslim faith
FRANCE’S CRIME RATE AND ISLAM 3
prohibits such acts is given as a reason why these acts should be connected to stronger links and
associations with international crime and terror forms and even the instability in the Middle East.
He has used instances such as that of the Kouachi brothers, showing that they were well
connected to fighters in Iraq and Syria and the November 13, 2015 terror attacks in Paris that
were linked to individuals with connections to Belgium and Syria.
Triandafyllidou, A. (2015). European Muslims: caught between local integration challenges
and global terrorism discourses.
The main idea the authors of this paper intended to put across regards the distinguishing
of integration of Muslims in Europe, France included, and jihadist terrorism. The study done on
the different lifestyles of Muslims in such countries as Denmark, France, Germany, Britain,
Sweden, and the Netherlands came up with the linking of global geopolitical and symbolic issues
with the real-life problems Muslims across Europe face is counterproductive for understanding
and also for addressing these issues on the basis that these challenges of integration have little to
do with the Muslim religion itself, less to do with Muslim youngsters that are usually put at the
forefront in case of terrorist attacks in Europe, and with the origins of their parents. Additionally,
the authors state that further research needs to be done to relate extremist violence to
radicalization. The authors suggest that the media, social workers, educators, policymakers, and
employment officers are supposed to play a huge role in getting rid of the idea of the link
between the failed integration of Muslim communities in European societies and domestic crime.
Precht, T. (2007). Home grown terrorism and Islamist radicalisation in Europe. From
conversion to terrorism.
The radicalization process of terrorists is the main idea covered by the author in the
paper. He intends to point out the factors that influence home grown terrorism and violent
FRANCE’S CRIME RATE AND ISLAM 4
extremism by Islamists in Europe. The specific phases, characteristics and catalysts of the
terrorist radicalization process and the counter radicalization measures are discussed throughout
the paper as it is the author’s purpose to do this. The phases he gives are pre-radicalization,
conversion and identification with radical Islam, indoctrination and increased group bonding,
and violent action. He points out societal integration policies, counter ideology efforts,
awareness training of people about radicalization signals, and increased public diplomacy as the
counter measures. All this data is collected from a review of public intelligence information,
public investigations, academic literature on the topic, legal documents, and meetings with
researchers on violence and terrorism.
Hoffman, B. (2007). The Radicalization of Diasporas and Terrorism: A Joint Conference by
the RAND Corporation and the Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich (Vol. 229).
Rand Corporation.
The proceedings of the conference that are put down with knowledge and information of
analysts, academicians, and security experts from seven countries are meant to establish the
relationship between terrorism in the diaspora and migrant communities, radicalization and
terrorist recruitment, and the organization, tactics and targeting of terrorists. With special
attention paid to the activities of the Al Qaeda, the terrorists linked with extreme attacks are said
to converts to Islam, first-generation immigrants who fail to fit into their new society, and
second-generation failed immigrants. According to the proceedings, in France, the individuals
involved with domestic crime are mostly influenced by economic goals and not religious ones,
therefore, only a bit of them are usually Islamists. It is gangs that control territories and also
participate in black market operations and drug trafficking. However, the hypothesis regarding
diaspora communities is shown in France, whereby some expatriate Algerians are given as an
FRANCE’S CRIME RATE AND ISLAM 5
example of individuals that carried out attacks in Paris. Ways to curb the radicalization of
diaspora communities were also discussed as pointed out in the paper.
Serajzadeh, S. H. (2017). Islam and crime: The moral community of Muslims. Journal of
Arabic and Islamic Studies, 4, 111-131.
Islam is considered to be a religion with a set of political, economic, legal, and social
doctrines that play a huge role towards every facet of the Muslims’ social lives. The Islamic way
of life and its strict penal laws are the factors Seyed intends to bring out as the reasons behind the
low crime rates in Islamic countries. He uses international statistics to demonstrate that high
crime rates are recorded in countries with low numbers of followers of the Islamic faith such as
those in the Caribbean, in Latin America and in some Asian and African countries. The author
delves into details of the Islam faith that influence peace and low crime rates among them, and
states other reasons such as the low development of some Islam states which has a positive effect
on crime rates as the reasons that could signify why crime is not associated with Muslims.
However, the author also states that the rapid development of Islamic societies has affected the
crime rates among them, together with the misinterpretation of the Quran by extremists and
jihadists.
Lugo, L., Cooperman, A., Bell, J., O’Connell, E., & Stencel, S. (2013). The World’s
Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society. World.
This paper discusses the social and political views of Muslims from all parts of the
world. The public opinion surveys done by the Pew Research Center from 2008 to 2012 in
around 39 countries around the world was done to figure out the opinion of Muslims on security
concerns and political sensitivities. The study shows sets out to show how they express a desire
for the traditional Islamic law to be recognized as the official law in their countries, and
FRANCE’S CRIME RATE AND ISLAM 6
according to the information the research subjects provide regarding their faith, they do not
generally support suicide bombing and other violence forms against civilians in the name of their
religion, Islam. The authors also dwell on other factors such as Islam religion and western
culture, modernity, science, evolution, and interfaith relationships and how these factors affect
their way of life. A number of them state that there tends to exist a level of tension and hostility
between Muslims and Christians in some places, which could explain the connection between
Muslims and crime in countries like France.
Schmid, A. P. (2016). Links between Terrorism and Migration. An Exploration. The
International Centre for Counter-TerrorismThe Hague, 7(4), 40.
The paper by the International Center for Counter-Terrorism is meant to explore and
question the assumptions on the causal links between global terrorism and migration. Migration
is intended to be linked to state terrorism, state failure, non-state terrorism, civil war, the
presence of refugee camps and Diasporas, migrants, and counter-terrorist operations throughout
the study. The researchers also intended to find out how the causes of forced migration of
Muslims could be the determinant factors of terrorism in some parts of the world, France
included, because a large number of Muslim applicants for asylum go there every year.
However, the paper states that migration and terrorism could be potential drivers of international
conflict, even though there is scarce literature related to terrorism. The continued receipt of
refugees is shown to be potentially dangerous to the security of European Union member states,
and it is stated that these states need to coordinate and pass policies that manage the refugee
stream there.
FRANCE’S CRIME RATE AND ISLAM 7
Arnold, A. P. (2011). Mosques in France: The visible presence of Islam. University of North
Texas.
The report relates the discrimination of Muslims in France to some of their behaviors and
attitudes there. Even though France, the nation in Europe with the highest Muslim population has
little problems integrating and accepting many cultures, the authors set out to show how this has
changed recently and how it could be a reason why some Muslims turn to terrorism and crime.
As a result of changes in France politics, the Muslim population faces challenges in the handling
of their issues by the government, and certain laws prohibiting Islamic customs and traditions
that are and have been passed in France only show how Islam is increasingly being considered a
tougher religion to follow. The authors set out to understand and establish the connection
between the collective French mind and the complex relationship with Islam by looking at
French historical facts such as the ones regarding colonialism and relating it with present day
discrimination. It is the prejudice and campaigns against Islam ways that has turned some of
them into radicals and extremists.
Andreescu, V. (2015). Concerns about Violent Crime in France: Does Immigrant Status
Make a Difference in Public Perceptions of Safety? Journal of Identity and Migration
Studies, 9(1), 49.
Criminal victimization of French natives, be they natives of foreign-born, is the main
issue that the author focuses on in this paper. She uses prior analysis based on samples of data
from UK and French residents to address the issue at hand. The research finds out that people
that are somehow found to possess immigrant statuses are vulnerable and the level of fear in
them about victimization rises. The serious the victimization the easier it is for the influence of
fear of violent crime to diminish among them. Despite the creation of ministries and associations
FRANCE’S CRIME RATE AND ISLAM 8
to ensure the easier integration of immigrants into the French society, the statistics in the paper
show that even the children of the immigrants are bound to face higher unemployment rates, and
even discrimination when getting hired. Therefore, the nation is still open to changing safety
perceptions when comparing natives and immigrants when it comes to actual victimization rates,
and such happening as the 2005 riots across France by Arabs, North African and black second-
generation immigrants that led to a state of emergency shows how much the country is prone to
future insecurity in case the victimization and discrimination levels do not reduce significantly.

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