FRANCE’S CRIME RATE AND ISLAM 4
extremism by Islamists in Europe. The specific phases, characteristics and catalysts of the
terrorist radicalization process and the counter radicalization measures are discussed throughout
the paper as it is the author’s purpose to do this. The phases he gives are pre-radicalization,
conversion and identification with radical Islam, indoctrination and increased group bonding,
and violent action. He points out societal integration policies, counter ideology efforts,
awareness training of people about radicalization signals, and increased public diplomacy as the
counter measures. All this data is collected from a review of public intelligence information,
public investigations, academic literature on the topic, legal documents, and meetings with
researchers on violence and terrorism.
Hoffman, B. (2007). The Radicalization of Diasporas and Terrorism: A Joint Conference by
the RAND Corporation and the Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich (Vol. 229).
Rand Corporation.
The proceedings of the conference that are put down with knowledge and information of
analysts, academicians, and security experts from seven countries are meant to establish the
relationship between terrorism in the diaspora and migrant communities, radicalization and
terrorist recruitment, and the organization, tactics and targeting of terrorists. With special
attention paid to the activities of the Al Qaeda, the terrorists linked with extreme attacks are said
to converts to Islam, first-generation immigrants who fail to fit into their new society, and
second-generation failed immigrants. According to the proceedings, in France, the individuals
involved with domestic crime are mostly influenced by economic goals and not religious ones,
therefore, only a bit of them are usually Islamists. It is gangs that control territories and also
participate in black market operations and drug trafficking. However, the hypothesis regarding
diaspora communities is shown in France, whereby some expatriate Algerians are given as an