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EFFECTS OF SUGAR LEVELS ON OBESITY

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Institutional affiliated

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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ABSTRACT

The study was done to determine how the high amounts of sugar leads to obesity,

how low amounts can be used to decrease the chances of obesity and how the

information gathered from the study can be used to benefit the National Health

Service (NHS). It established the various ways through which the high intake of

sugars into the body causes obesity and how low volumes of sugar consumption can

be used to reduce the risk of obesity and improve on the proper functioning of the

body. The potential usage of the information gathered was used to provide NHS will

option that can be used to benefit the country by reducing the increasing cases of

obesity in the United Kingdom

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

ABSTRACT ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ 4

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 6

1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 6

1.2 Aim ........................................................................................................................................ 7

1.3 Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 7

CHAPTER TWO: EFFECTS OF LARGE QUANTITIES OF SUGAR CONSUMPTION ON

OBESITY ........................................................................................................................................ 7

2.1 Fructose Leads to Insulin Resistance ................................................................................. 7

2.2 Fructose Causes Brain Resistance to a Leptin ................................................................... 8

2.3 Fructose does not make a Person Full after a Meal ........................................................... 9

2.4 Sugar is Addictive ............................................................................................................. 9

CHAPTER THREE: EFFECTS OF LITTLE QUANTITIES OF SUGAR CONSUMPTION

ON OBESITY ............................................................................................................................... 10

3.1 Normal Insulin Levels and Functioning in the Body .......................................................... 10

3.2 Normal Brain-Leptin ........................................................................................................... 10

3.3 The Appetite for Eating More Food is reduced................................................................... 10

3.4 Effect of Reduced Intake of Sugary Meals ......................................................................... 11

CHAPTER FOUR: RELEVANCE OF THE INFORMATION TO THE NHS ........................... 11

4.1 Reducing Intake of Sugary Meals ....................................................................................... 11

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4.2 Ensure Food Products are Labeled Properly ....................................................................... 11

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION............................................................................................... 12

BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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INTRODUCTION

Obesity has been for long considered a medical condition. The problem is not

hereditary in nature as most people perceive although some inheritance of the genes

may cause vulnerability, rather it is caused by a number of health issues. Obesity

could be explained as the excessive accumulation of fats in the body to a point that it

brings many negative issues to the health of the individual. To determine whether an

individual is obese, there are two main methods that are used. The first is the body

mass index that has been adopted by the European countries and the other is the

stricter criteria that have mostly been adopted by the eastern Asian countries. The

body mass index is the focus of the study since it is the measure of obesity that has

been adopted in the United Kingdom. The body mass index uses the weight of the

individual and compares with their height. The BMI, measurement is obtained by

dividing the weight of the individual against the height and the measurement is given

in kg/m

. For an individual to be considered obese, the BMI should be above 30

kg/m

. After the calculations of the BMI, the classification of the individuals may be

as obese, overweight, normal weight or underweight .

It has been identified that obesity is usually a problem that is hazardous to the

individuals’ life since it leads to a reduced life expectancy by about six to seven years

and in increase in the health problems of the individual. The major causes of obesity

is a combination of three major factors namely, lack of physical activities, excessive

consumption of energy foods and genetic susceptibility. There are also a few cases

that have been caused by psychiatric illnesses and disorders, medication, genes and

endocrine disorders. Among the health disorders that are caused by obesity include

such risks as heart diseases, obstructive sleep apnea, type II diabetes, stroke, poor or

abnormal breathing, hypertension and certain types of cancer. The study was thus

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conducted to investigate and determine how the high amounts of sugar leads to

obesity, how low amounts can be used to decrease the chances of obesity and how the

information gathered from the study can be used to benefit the National Health

Service (NHS)

Aims

The study was thus conducted to investigate and determine how the high amounts of

sugar leads to obesity, how low amounts can be used to decrease the chances of

obesity and how the information gathered from the study can be used to benefit the

National Health Service (NHS)

Objectives

1. The study was thus conducted to investigate and determine how the high

amounts of sugar leads to obesity

2. How low amounts can be used to decrease the chances of obesity

3. How the information gathered from the study can be used to benefit the

National Health Service (NHS)

CHAPTER TWO: EFFECTS OF LARGE QUANTITIES OF SUGAR

CONSUMPTION ON OBESITY

2.1 Fructose Causes Brain Resistance to a Leptin

The rise in obesity is usually blamed on too much eating by most individuals and less

exercises. It should however, be noted that sugars are the major reason why obesity is

common to most individuals today. The world today has more obese individuals than there

were thirty years ago. Still more children are becoming obese thus resulting to an increase in

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health problems as well as heart problems. The difference between the previous years and

today is the increase in the consumption of sugar. Food was equally abundant in the past as it

is today. The problem with taking too much sugar makes the brain think that it is hungry.

This causes a cycle in which the body wants more sugar thus ingesting more fructose to the

body. Sugars usually contain two main elements; glucose and fructose. Glucose is a very

important element to human life since it aids in metabolism. It is also an element that is

produced by the body and is also reserved in the bloodstream. The body requires glucose for

energy and in any case the body does not get enough glucose from the individuals’ diet, it

produces its own glucose by conversion of proteins and fats. Fructose on the other hand is

rarely used in the body. It is usually not part of the metabolism process, it’s never produced

by the human body and it is only used in small quantities by the liver cells .

Leptin hormone is often secreted by the fat cells. It is a hormone that helps to regulate the fat

levels that are stored in the individuals’ body. The Leptin hormone aids in the metabolism of

fats when they are in excess by interpreting the amount that has been stored in the cells. With

high fructose in the body, the brain become resistant to Leptin thus the normal metabolism

process for fats is usually interrupted. The brain starts to fail to realise the presence of Leptin

in the body and thus the brain fails to understand where enough fat has been stored in the

body. The brain will sense little leptin meaning that sufficient energy has been stored,

therefore, the person will have to eat more whilst less fat gets burnt. As a result of the

increased consumption and less burning of fat, the individual becomes obese .

2.1 Fructose Leads to Insulin Resistance

Fructose usually causes insulin resistance in the body. Insulin is one of the hormones in the

human body that regulate energy and metabolism. Insulin is secreted in the pancreas and

provides signals that allow glucose to be transported into the cells. The excessive

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consumption of glucose forces insulin to increase and remove the glucose from the

bloodstream into the cells to reduce toxicity. Excess fructose in the bloodstream usually

causes resistance in the insulin thus leads to elevated insulin levels in the bloodstream and

this may cause type II diabetes. With the high insulin levels, the fat that has been stored in the

body becomes inaccessible thus the individual receives signals that they are hungry. This

forces the individual to eat more which eventually leads to obesity.

2.3 Fructose does not make a person full after a meal

Satiety means the satisfaction that an individual gets after consuming a given meal and

metabolism occurs and energy is released. As compared to glucose, the fructose that is

usually released by the sugars does not affect the activities of the hypothalamus. The role that

is played by glucose in making people feel satisfied after meals is evident while the fructose

does not play any role. Glucose often lowers the activities of the hypothalamus as well as

blood flow. It also reduces ghrelin levels like glucose, and thus makes an individual feel

hungrier. Fructose does not provide such options to the body, thus after consuming the

fructose, the individual does not become full, rather they end up consuming more calories and

sugars to fill up, the end result being that the individual becomes obese.

2.4 Sugar is Addictive

Sugar can cause the opiate and dopamine activity which leads to the increase in behavioural

changes triggered in the brain just as the working of the drug abuse. The use of sugar releases

dopamine and opiates in the brain’s reward system, especially in the Nucleus Accumbens

area. The pleasure of eating sugars usually stimulates the same areas as those of the abuse of

drugs such as nicotine and cocaine. Although the addiction to sugars has many negative

consequences to the individuals, it is usually hard for them to quit its consumption due to the

strong craving that is caused by its addiction. Therefore, the powerful effects of the reward

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system of the sugars on the reward system of the brain cause addiction which can cause an

individual to start overeating.

CHAPTER THREE: EFFECTS OF LITTLE QUANTITIES OF SUGAR

CONSUMPTION ON OBESITY

3.1 Normal Insulin Levels and Functioning in the Body

Fructose is not produced naturally in the body and does not play an integral part in

metabolism. If sugar is taken in large amounts, fructose can trigger several reactions in the

body, leading to weight gain and obesity. With reduced sugar intake, the levels of insulin

within the body will be maintained close to normal since the resistance of the body to

fructose is not available. As a result, insulin resistance in the body will not be induced. The

body becomes able to access the fat that has been stored, and the human brain starts normal

thinking with regards to hunger

3.2 Brain-Leptin

It has been identified that the increase in fructose which is an element of sugars causes

resistance of the brain with the insulin being released for metabolic purposes. Low fructose

level in the body makes the brain sense the presence of leptin hormone in the blood and thus

fat storage and metabolism takes place as required by the body .

3.3 The Appetite for Eating More Food is reduced

Glucose is often produced naturally in the body, and thus, food intake is can be

controlled by the hypothalamus. Its activities are also lowered by the presence of glucose in

the body. With such proper balance, then the operations of the hypothalamus to sense the

amount of fat stored in the body will not be impairedsince the fructore intake into the body

will be limited. Since the fructose intake is equally smaller, the body fuctioning is normalized

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and the individuals arge to continue taking sugars is reduced as a result, the Individuals get to

feel hunger when necessary thus controlling eating habits and eventually reducing obesity.

An individual gets the appetite for eating when hungry and, as a result, maintain an average

body weight.

3.4 Effect of Reduced Intake of Sugary Meals

It has been identified that glucose is addictive and the reduction in its intake helps to reduce

the addiction of sugar by the individuals. With the reduced addiction for sugars, the

individuals usually take in less fructose thus reducing the risk that they will suffer from

obesity due to accumulation of fats.

CHAPTER FOUR: RELEVANCE OF THE INFORMATION TO THE NHS

4.1 Reducing Intake of Sugary Meals

Most organizations dealing in health issues have emphasized the consumption of

foods with little sugar contents of below 10%. The world health organization have also

played an important role in improving the health of different individuals by ensuring that they

promote healthy living and eating habits that reduce risk of obesity in the individuals. In any

case the NHS adopts this strategy; it will further encourage the population to reduce the

consumption of sugar and thus reduce the negative effects of fructose in weight gain and

obesity.

4.2 Ensure Food Products are labeled properly

It is a requirement that in order for high standards to be met in most countries, the labels of

the nutritional value of all the foods should be well labelled and identified. This mostly

should focus on the processing industries to ensure that the consumers understand the

nutritional value of the foods that they eat. The NHS should work with relevant government

bodies to ensure that food manufacturing companies put labels of the composition and

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quantity of food elements in their products. Information about the nutritional value of the

foods that the consumers take should help them make better informed decisions on the type

of food that they choose to consume (Wang, 2013).

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION

In today’s world, obesity is a major problem that is as a result of excessive sugar in take into

the body. The study has shed light on the effects of high sugar levels on the body and how

this may make an individual become obese. The study has also enlightened on how the

individual may reduce sugar intake to help reduce the risk of becoming obese. The study also

provided insights on how the NHS would use the information gathered to improve on the

lifestyle of the individuals

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Erin, D. (2007). Obesity. Farmington Hills: Greenhaven Press.

Jason, G. (2007). Obesity. Minnesota: Capstone Press.

Mabel, B. (2005). Obesity. Bradford: Emerland Publishers.

Melissa, A. (2004). Obesity. Carlifornia: Lucent Books.

WANG, J. (2013). Consumption of added sugars and development of metabolic syndrome

components among a sample of youth at risk of obesity.

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