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Physics 1

Physics

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Physics 2

1. Radio Waves

1.1 Use in Communication

Among the many applications, radio waves are used for wireless transmission of

information or sound messages as applied in television (TV) and radio systems.

1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of radio waves use compared to visible light

One important advantage of using radio waves for transmission rather than visible light

is the aspect of penetration. Radio waves can penetrate through non conducting materials such

as bricks, concrete and such like barriers, a property visible light lacks. The other advantage is

the wide range of wavelengths radio waves have, making band selection possible for wider use

or applications as compared to the ranges witnessed with the visible light.

On the other hand, the systems used in visible light communications as applied in Light

Emitting Diodes (LEDs), lasers and optical fibres are relatively cheaper and durable compared

to radio wave systems. This is a disadvantage to radio wave users.

1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of radio waves use compared to wires

Application of radio waves in communications would make it possible to cover wider

areas and longer distances of communication and information transmission compared to what

wires can achieve. Moreover, when receivers are unspecified or too numerous, the radio waves

become more applicable and economical than wire communication.

However, when transmission is required with minimum energy loss disturbance, wires

and coaxial cables become more applicable than radio waves.

Physics 3

2. Visible Light

2.1 Use in Communication

Among many uses of visible light in communication, application for data transmission

is selected for this section.

2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Visible light compared to Radio waves

Advantages

Disadvantages

 Visible light wave can carry much

information due to its shorter

wavelengths compared to radio

waves.

 The desire for visual signaling can

only be achieved by visible light in

LEDs and not radio wave.

 Visible light signals can be

damaging to the eye if unregulated.

 The waves get readily scattered by

obstacles along transmission paths

such as clouds, mist, and so on.

 As opposed to radio wave, light

waves require line of sight for data

transfer and cannot travel very long

distances in fibres.

3. The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electromagnetic spectrum is an electromagnetic radiation family of waves arranged in

the order of frequency and the corresponding wavelengths. Figure 1 shows the variation of

energy, frequency and wavelengths of the waves in the family.

Physics 4

Figure 1: Electromagnetic Spectrum

3.1 Description: Energy versus Frequency

From figure 1, the values of wave energy increase from 10

-7

J to 10

J as frequency of the

waves increase from 10

Hz to 10

Hz.

3.2 Explanation: Energy versus Frequency

The energy carried by an electromagnetic wave is directly proportional to the frequency

of the wave itself. This relationship is given in equation 1.









   



 ……………………………………………………. (1)

Where E is energy in electron volts and f is the frequency of the wave.

Physics 5

3.3 Explanation: Wavelength versus Frequency

The values shown in figure 1 have wavelengths of the electromagnetic waves decreasing

from 10m to 10

-13

m as the corresponding frequencies of the wave increase from 10

Hz to

Hz.

3.4 Explanation: Wavelength versus Frequency

The relationship between frequency of an electromagnetic wave and the corresponding

wavelength is an inverse relationship, that is, when frequency increases, the wavelength

decreases as shown in equation 2.

 





…………………………………………………………………… (2)

Where λ is the wavelength, c is speed of the wave, and f is the frequency.

4. Radiation Safety Equipment

This section explains how various radiation safety equipment keep people working with

ionizing radiation in hospitals safe.

Equipment

Application

Lead Apron

Lead aprons work with the principle of penetration inhibition, that is,

Lead, which is a heavy metal, does not allow ionizing x-rays used in

medical in medical imaging to pass through vital organs of the body.

X-ray test objects

These objects are used to evaluate the operation of x-ray equipment to

establish the correct operating performance of the equipment so as to

prevent the dangers of possible stray radiations.

Physics 6

Film Budges

Film budge dosimeters are personal meters fitted with photographic film

that allow the formation of images of its protective case when irradiated.

The film is then removed and developed to measure exposure.

Forceps

To minimize direct contact with radiation sources, the sources are to be

held with forceps for safety.

5. Radiation Types, Advantages and disadvantages

Type

Description

Advantage(s)

Disadvantage(s)

Alpha

 Basically a helium nucleus which

is positively charged

 Cannot penetrate beyond a paper

 Readily form ions a few

centimeters from the source

 Can be used as smoke detectors

through ionization

Has the potential

to provide highly

targeted treatment

when applied in

radionuclide

therapy at close

proximity.

Are inefficient for

distant therapies

for they deposit

their energy at

very short travel

distances.

Beta

 Is a fast moving electron which is

negatively charged

 Cannot penetrate beyond an

aluminum block of about 3mm

thickness

 Form fewer ions after long travel

time

 Used in treatment of bone cancers,

and in quality control tests

Beta radiation

have the capability

of causing double

breaks in DNA

thus more efficient

in dealing with

cancer treatments

Its health effects

on body are

relatively delayed

creating complex

situations for

exposure

monitoring.

Gamma

 An electromagnetic radiation of no

charge

 Highly penetrative

Has the capability

of transferring

energy over

More dangerous

and can cause

cancer and genetic

disorders.

Physics 7

 Very weak ionizing effect on air

molecules

 Can be used in testing equipment

as well as sterilization

relatively longer

distances

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