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RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1

Research Proposal

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL 2

How Air Pollution Affects the Climate, Environment, and the Health of

the Population

Introduction

The purpose of my research is to study how air pollution affects the climate, environment, and

the health of the population. I will give special importance to the following cities, New York, Los

Angeles, due to their high levels of air pollution. These cities were chosen due to their long

history of being polluted. The main ethnography I will use is Little, Peter C. 2014. Toxic Town:

IBM, Pollution, and Industrial Risks air pollution. Additionally, I will use journals and articles

focusing on the cities of Los Angeles and New York. The results of this study will bring

awareness to what are solutions to air pollution, how air pollution affects the health and the

environment.

Problem Statement

From the 1940s, there has been an increased industrial growth in Los Angeles, which has led to

a smog – increased levels of air pollution. One of the earliest notable effects of air pollution was

the leaf injury to leafy plants, which was first experienced in the year 1944 (Haagen-Smit).

While the severity of this effect has increased over time, other negative effects of air pollution

have been experienced, over time.

With the effects, there is an increasing need for scholars to conduct an investigation, on the

effects of air pollution to the climate, the environment, alongside the health of human beings

living in the cities of New York and Los Angeles. These two cities have high levels of air pollution

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 3

in the United States, something that poses the people living there under great threat, from

these adverse effects.

Its Relationship to Environmental Anthropology

Environmental anthropology is one of the sub-specialties of anthropology, which is actively

involved in the examination of the relationships between human beings and the environments

that they live in, over time. Air is one of the major aspects of the environments where human

beings live in – especially supporting the life of human beings. Air pollution is experienced when

an increased number of quantity or harmful substances in the form of gases, particles,

alongside biological molecules are allowed entry into the atmosphere. These could lead to a

various disease and allergies to the population, which could in some instances, become fatal.

Other living organisms are also affected in different ways, especially considering that the air

pollution has a negative effect on the naturally built environment. While natural processes lead

to air pollution, human activities are the major contributors. As such, air pollution is a

phenomenon of air, which is an aspect of the environment that human beings interact with,

which is a major aspect of environmental anthropology. Owing to this, air pollution is a major

concept in the study of environmental anthropology.

Relevance of Culture

Environmental anthropology, largely, is concerned about the culture and environment. Ancient

anthropologists were keen on making an analysis of the environment as one of the factors of

development in culture. With the changing paradigms after the environmental movements,

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 4

ecologists came up with new approaches. Further, there has been an increased level of

knowledge in environmental anthropology, something that is attributable to research and

availability of resources. This has led to a shift in approaches on which environmental

anthropology is viewed, with some scholars viewed it as a close affiliate to humanistic

disciplines while others consider it a close ally to science. However, the specialization has since

been differentiated from other cognate areas of study like environmental sociology, history,

methods, alongside perspectives. The opinion on alienation, notwithstanding, environmental

anthropology has its premises on the recognition of critical differences in culture – especially in

the manner in which human beings view, utilize, and take care of the world that surrounds

them.

Thesis

The proposed research recognizes the need to conduct a study of air pollution. This course to

intensify study on air pollution in New York was initiated by the Emergency Relief Bureau

. The

proposed research will offer a positive contribution towards these studies.

Los Angeles and New York rank among the leading cities with air pollution. Carbon monoxide,

sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, alongside the ozone are among the major pollutants, with the

last two chemicals being critical photochemical pollutants while carbon monoxide is the leading

pollutant

. The proposed paper will conduct further investigations on the impact of each of the

"A Study of Air Pollution in New York City." Science 81, no. 2105 (1935): 428.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/1658838.

Bland, Warren R. "Seasonal and Spatial Patterns of Air Pollution in Los Angeles County." Yearbook of the

Association of Pacific Coast Geographers 36 (1974): 25-34. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24041300.

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 5

four pollutants, to the environment. The choice of areas to conduct the studies were based on

the fact that urban areas the primary pollutants are very high, especially in the streets where

there are high levels of traffic

There are various causes of air pollution in the two cities. The paper seeks to make an analysis

of the possible polluters of the air, which have led to the increased rate of pollution in the two

cities. Besides, the proposed research will look into the major aspects contributing to these

polluters. One of the major causes of air pollution is the emissions that come from automobiles,

especially considering that the two cities are urban areas. In New York City, it is estimated that

at least 4,140 tons of carbon monoxide, 5,760 tones of hydrocarbons, and another 106 tones of

oxides of nitrogen are emitted on a normal day. The mid and lower parts of Manhattan are the

leading emitters of these gases

. The traffic is a leading emitter of the ultra fine particles, which

have been closely linked to various diseases, especially respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses

Another major contributor of air pollution is the natural halogen as well as sulfur compounds,

which are found to be emanating from the marine areas that oxalate these atmospheres

Jensen, Steen Solvang, et al. "Modeling traffic air pollution in street canyons in New York City for intra-urban

exposure assessment in the US Multi-Ethnic Study of atherosclerosis and air pollution." Atmospheric

Environment 43, no. 30 (September 28, 2009): 4544-4556. GreenFILE, EBSCOhost (accessed April 9, 2018).

Johnson, Kenneth L., L. H. Dworetzky, and Austin N. Heller. "Carbon Monoxide and Air Pollution from Automobile

Emissions in New York City." Science 160, no. 3823 (1968): 67-68. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1724659.

Shu, Shi, et al. "Air quality impacts of a CicLAvia event in Downtown Los Angeles, CA." Environmental

Pollution 208, (January 2016): 170-176. GreenFILE, EBSCOhost (accessed April 9, 2018).

Muñiz-Unamunzaga, Maria, et al. "The influence of ocean halogen and sulfur emissions in the air quality of a

coastal megacity: The case of Los Angeles." Science Of The Total Environment 610/611, (January 2018): 1536-

1545. GreenFILE, EBSCOhost(accessed April 9, 2018).

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 6

The proposed research will also investigate several negative impacts of air pollution, on the

environment. One of these negative impacts is the destruction of the environment, like leaf

injury to leafy plants. This was first experienced in the year 1944

, where the dangerous

chemicals and materials in the air that is polluted cause injuries to these plants, something that

could be a potential threat to the environment that human beings rely on. Another negative

impact of air pollution is the adverse health effects on human beings. Research has established

that there is a close relationship between air pollution with cardiovascular morbidity

as well as

mortality

. The reduced level in quality of air, especially in Los Angeles, which does not meet

the national standards, has also been found to cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases

The particles that are found in the air, which has been polluted, are said to be a leading cause

of death, with fears that these instances of mortality could be higher that it has been estimated

in the past

Haagen-Smit, A. J., Ellis F. Darley, Milton Zaitlin, Herbert Hull, and Wilfred Noble. "Investigation on Injury to Plants

from Air Pollution in the Los Angeles Area." Plant Physiology 27, no. 1 (1952): 18-34.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/4258497.

Künzli, Nino, Michael Jerrett, Wendy J. Mack, Bernardo Beckerman, Laurie LaBree, Frank Gilliland, Duncan

Thomas, John Peters, and Howard N. Hodis. "Ambient Air Pollution and Atherosclerosis in Los

Angeles." Environmental Health Perspectives 113, no. 2 (2005): 201-06. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3436466.

Kheirbek, Iyad, et al. "Spatial Variation in Environmental Noise and Air Pollution in New York City." Journal Of

Urban Health 91, no. 3 (June 2014): 415-431. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 9, 2018s

Shu, Shi, et al. "Air quality impacts of a CicLAvia event in Downtown Los Angeles, CA." Environmental

Pollution 208, (January 2016): 170-176. GreenFILE, EBSCOhost (accessed April 9, 2018).

Jerrett, Michael, Richard T. Burnett, Renjun Ma, C. Arden Pope, Daniel Krewski, K. Bruce Newbold, George

Thurston, Yuanli Shi, Norm Finkelstein, Eugenia E. Calle, and Michael J. Thun. "Spatial Analysis of Air Pollution and

Mortality in Los Angeles." Epidemiology 16, no. 6 (2005): 727-36. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20486136.

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 7

Ethnographic Case Study

The relationship that human beings have had with their environment has led to the current

situation, where they have left the environment where they live contaminated. In the 21

century, there is the need to come up with remedies that would help in mitigation of these

adverse effects of human activities. Companies could work with the local communities, to come

up with measures that will help address the challenges faced

. Evidence from other cities

where the high rate f pollution has been experienced show that the economic and political

viability of these people has been hindered, by the high rate of pollution

Annotated Bibliography

"A Study of Air Pollution in New York City." Science 81, no. 2105 (1935): 428.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/1658838.

This document seeks to encourage studies on air pollution in the cities, especially in the wake of

negative impacts that have been experienced. The proposed study seeks to advance this call,

conducting a study on the manner in which air pollution affects the climate, environment, and

the health of the population.

Little, Peter C. Toxic Town: IBM, Pollution, and Industrial Risks. NYU Press, 2014.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qffd0.

R. Scott Frey. "Flammable: Environmental Suffering in an Argentine Shantytown (review)." Social Forces89, no. 3

(2011): 1067-1069. https://muse.jhu.edu/ (accessed April 12, 2018).

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8

Bland, Warren R. "Seasonal and Spatial Patterns of Air Pollution in Los Angeles

County." Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers 36 (1974): 25-34.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/24041300.

This source highlights four types of air pollutants, chemicals that are very common in Los

Angeles that pollute the air. These are critical, as the proposed paper seeks to investigate the

impact of each of these pollutants to the human beings.

Haagen-Smit, A. J., Ellis F. Darley, Milton Zaitlin, Herbert Hull, and Wilfred Noble. "Investigation

on Injury to Plants from Air Pollution in the Los Angeles Area." Plant Physiology 27, no. 1

(1952): 18-34. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4258497.

This source gives a highlight of the impact of air pollution of the environment, especially on the

crops. This is an important source, giving the research proposal a case example of the negative

impact of air pollution on the environment.

Jensen, Steen Solvang, et al. "Modeling traffic air pollution in street canyons in New York City

for intra-urban exposure assessment in the US Multi-Ethnic Study of atherosclerosis and

air pollution." Atmospheric Environment 43, no. 30 (September 28, 2009): 4544-

4556. GreenFILE, EBSCOhost (accessed April 9, 2018).

The source conducts an investigation on the rate of air pollution in urban centers, where it is

established that there are high levels of pollution. The proposed research seeks to explore this

aspect, to highlight the reasons why urban centers experience increased levels of air pollution.

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 9

Jerrett, Michael, Richard T. Burnett, Renjun Ma, C. Arden Pope, Daniel Krewski, K. Bruce

Newbold, George Thurston, Yuanli Shi, Norm Finkelstein, Eugenia E. Calle, and Michael J.

Thun. "Spatial Analysis of Air Pollution and Mortality in Los Angeles." Epidemiology 16,

no. 6 (2005): 727-36. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20486136.

In this study, it was established that human beings suffered chronic diseases upon exposure to

fine particles that are present in polluted air, which often led to mortality. This is a critical

source in the paper, highlighting one of the negative effects of air pollution to human beings.

Johnson, Kenneth L., L. H. Dworetzky, and Austin N. Heller. "Carbon Monoxide and Air Pollution

from Automobile Emissions in New York City." Science 160, no. 3823 (1968): 67-68.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/1724659.

This source gives details on the leading areas in air pollution in New York City, alongside the

types of emission that are common. The proposed research will benefit from this research,

getting real figures on which areas contribute most and the manner in which they contribute

towards polluting the air.

Kheirbek, Iyad, et al. "Spatial Variation in Environmental Noise and Air Pollution in New York

City." Journal Of Urban Health 91, no. 3 (June 2014): 415-431. Academic Search Premier,

EBSCOhost (accessed April 9, 2018).

The authors of this research highlight the negative impact of a combination of noise and air

pollutions, especially coming from traffic, on the health of human beings. Specifically, they

mentioned that this has an impact, leading to cardiovascular illnesses. To the proposed

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 10

research, the negative impacts on human health will be critical, in the study of how air pollution

affects human beings.

Künzli, Nino, Michael Jerrett, Wendy J. Mack, Bernardo Beckerman, Laurie LaBree, Frank

Gilliland, Duncan Thomas, John Peters, and Howard N. Hodis. "Ambient Air Pollution and

Atherosclerosis in Los Angeles." Environmental Health Perspectives 113, no. 2 (2005):

201-06. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3436466.

This research further investigates the relationship between air pollution with cardiovascular

illnesses a well as mortality. This is one of the negative impacts of air pollution, which the

proposed paper seeks to highlight.

Little, Peter C. Toxic Town: IBM, Pollution, and Industrial Risks. NYU Press, 2014.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qffd0.

This is a study of the contribution of the technology industry to pollution of the environment.

The book further investigates the contribution that the technology companies and the public

could utilize, in mitigation of the adverse effects of the environmental pollution.

Muñiz-Unamunzaga, Maria, et al. "The influence of ocean halogen and sulfur emissions in the

air quality of a coastal megacity: The case of Los Angeles." Science Of The Total

Environment 610/611, (January 2018): 1536-1545. GreenFILE, EBSCOhost(accessed April

9, 2018).

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 11

This is another critical source in the proposed research, giving it information on how Another

natural halogen as well as sulfur compounds, which are found to be emanating from the marine

areas that oxalate these atmospheres, contribute towards air pollution.

R. Scott Frey. "Flammable: Environmental Suffering in an Argentine

Shantytown (review)." Social Forces89, no. 3 (2011): 1067-1069. https://muse.jhu.edu/

(accessed April 12, 2018).

Authors of this book presented a study of the environmental injustices that were experienced

in a shantytown, in Argentina. This pollution was so high, that it hindered the economic and

political viability of the population. The older generation, who mention to have experienced so

many changes, cannot apprehend this fact. Meanwhile, Shell, alongside other companies that

are suspected to have contributed to this contamination have denied culpability, while there is

no investigation to ascertain this. This book will be critical in the proposed research, helping

highlight the challenges that air pollution can have on the society.

Shu, Shi, et al. "Air quality impacts of a CicLAvia event in Downtown Los Angeles,

CA." Environmental Pollution 208, (January 2016): 170-176. GreenFILE,

EBSCOhost (accessed April 9, 2018).

This study aims at sensitizing people on the need to walk, run, or use cycles to work rather than

driving or using other motor vehicles, on the argument that the increased traffic contributes to

air pollution. This critical source gives one of the negative impacts of air pollution to human

beings.

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