Pvt5

Surname 1
Student
Tutor
Course
Date
PVT Stimulator
Cover Letter
The major goal of this lab was to establish the dew and bubble points of pure CO2 at various
temperature levels namely 77.9 °F, 75.2 °F, 80.6°F, and 78.8°F by the use of a PVT stimulator.
Before beginning the experiment, the lab technician had to reset the initial values of volume and
pressure of CO2 to 0 and 14.7 cc in the respective order. The accuracies of pressure and volume
were (±0.1) psi and were (±0.001) cc respectively. It is worth to note that the experiment made
use of a PVT stimulator instead of physical equipment as a measure of avoiding any injuries as
the conducting this type of lab has inherent risks. There were some assumptions that had to be
made while conducting the experiment: the critical point and the room temperature are not
correlated, mercury is incompressible, the tubing had no volume, and the thermodynamic
equilibrium is instantaneous.
The addition and removal of mercury were important for the purpose of controlling the
volume and pressure values. In all lab teams, the utilized initial pressure was 2000 psi, but the
temperature of each group was different. It was necessary to come up with a table that could be
used for the filling of data. First if all, the dew point and bubble point were evaluated through the
reduction of mercury’s volume in a progressive manner as well as keeping the temperature at a
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constant value. The lab tech was responsible for setting all the initial values used in the lab, and
he helped supervise everything that was done in the lab.
For group 1, the bubble point was attained at a pressure of 903.63 psi, and the gaseous as
well as liquid volumes of CO2 were 0.002 cc and 13.215 cc respectively. The dew point was
attained at the same pressure, and the gaseous as well as liquid volumes of CO2 were37.595 c
and 0.002 cc respectively. For group 3, the bubble point was attained at a pressure of 935.33 psi,
and the gaseous as well as liquid volumes of CO2 were 0.001 cc and 13.564 cc respectively. The
dew point was attained at the same pressure, and the gaseous as well as liquid volumes of CO2
were 34.521cc and 0.002 cc respectively. For group 9, the bubble point was attained at a pressure
of 967.85 psi, and the gaseous as well as liquid volumes of CO2 were 0.002 cc and 14.034 cc
respectively. The dew point was achieved at the same pressure, and the gaseous as well as liquid
volumes of CO2 were 31.466cc and 0.002 cc respectively
Theory, Concepts, and Objective of the Experiment
The core aim of this exercise was to familiarize students with the utilization of a PVT stimulator
for the determination of fluid characteristics under varying pressure, temperature, and volume
conditions. Many tests were done in this lab alongside the determination of the bubble point of
CO2 while looking into it that the dew point temperature was maintained. The Peng-Robinson
equation shown below was utilized for the attainment of the pure CO2 characteristics.
 
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This lab was particularly employed to show the conversions that a substance goes through in the
three states of matter, namely liquid, gaseous, and solid. The amount of temperature and pressure
imposed on a substance are the factors that determine the conversion of these states. With the
above said, it should be mentioned that a PVT stimulator helps researchers conduct their research
favorably without exposing themselves to those that are associated with an actual setup.
Experiments involving a PVTs are usually risky and, therefore, it is important to make
sure that no wrong buttons are pressed. A PVT stimulator utilizes the precept of reducing
temperature and then deducing the volume variations associated with the change. Below is an
example of a temperature vs. pressure phase diagram:
Figure 1:Temperature vs. pressure phase diagrams
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Experimental Procedure
The first thing to do in this lab was to organize every piece of apparatus that was needed for the
successful completion of the exercise. Every stationery piece was availed, and a checklist was
made to tick against. The initial pressure value used in the experiment was 2000 psi, and the first
thing to know as to open the visual cell and recoding the corresponding values. After that, valve
8 was opened as a measure of recording the pressure in the cell, which was recorded in a sheet.
After that, the oven was made to attain a temperature of 75.2
o
F. The next step was to remove a
portion of mercury from the cell to reduce pressure. Below is a diagram of the PVT program:
Fig 2: The schematic of a PVT
Results and Calculations
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Table 1
G1
Pressure
V
L
V
g
V
M
V
T(g+l)
± 0.001 psi
±0.001 cc
±0.001 cc
± 0.001 cc
10
200
10
0
0
10
13702.4
11
0
1
11
921.84
13
0
3
13
903.63
13.215
0.002
3.207
3.209
903.63
11.039
6.168
7.207
17.207
903.63
0.002
37.595
22.60
37.597
G3
Pressure
V
L
V
g
V
M
V
T(g+l)
± 0.001 psi
±0.001 cc
±0.001 cc
± 0.001 cc
10
2000
10
0
0
10
935.53
12.643
2.357
-5
15
1118.2
12
0
-2
12
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935.33
13.564
0.001
-3.570
13.565
905.33
10.301
8.239
-8.57
18.57
935.33
9.036
11.534
-10.57
20.57
935.33
0.002
34.521
-24.52
34.523
G9
Pressure
V
L
V
g
V
M
V
T(g+l)
± 0.001 psi
±0.001 cc
±0.001 cc
± 0.001 cc
10
2000
10
0
0
10
1441.3
11
0
0
10
967.85
14.034
0.002
-4.076
14.036
967.85
7.594
14.442
-12.04
22.036
967.85
13.229
1.807
5.036
15.036
967.85
0.002
31.466
-21.47
31.468
Figure 3 presented below illustrate the pure CO2 saturation envelope, which is based on the
temperature values that were used in the experiment.
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Figure 3: pure CO
2
saturation envelop
The graph shown above demonstrates that the component in the experiment was pure. As stated
initially, the experiment was started by setting the oven at different temperatures while making
sure that they were all below the critical point. The chart shown above illustrates that the liquid
and gaseous volumes of pure CO2 had an indirect correlation since a rise in one parameter
caused the other to decrease. Specifically, this can be explained in the sense that the reducing the
liquid pressure through the removal of mercury caused the transformation of some liquid into
gas. Moreover, it was noted that using more temperature of the oven caused the realization of
larger bubble and dew points. Hence, it was concluded that oven temperature and critical points
have a linear relationship, thus confirming one of the assumptions made at the beginning of the
experiment.
Even though this experiment was successful, there were some errors that were met in the
course of execution. First of all, it was rather hard to master the utilized system. Also, since the
application was made by trial and error, it is indisputable that some inherent systematic errors
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could not be avoided. Moreover, it is arguable that the experiment may have been faced with
some human errors during the recording of the values while transferring the data from the
program to the data sheets. Regardless of all the faced challenges, it was discovered that the
bubble and dew points that were attained represented correct and accurate values.
It is important to mention that since the utilized stimulator is just a mathematical model
that makes use of computer hardware and software components, then it means that it bears much
more substantial efficiency as compared to a physical setup. Nevertheless, it was noted that this
program dies correct prediction of values but may not necessarily provide accurate ones.
Therefore, it was critical for the lab tech to help key in the initial values of system temperature
and pressure.
Conclusion
This experiment was employed for the determination of bubble and e points of liquid and
gaseous CO2, which was in a pure form. It has been noted that the PVT stimulator was important
in helping to generate accurate results pertaining to the values of the bubble and dew points of
pure CO2. Moreover, it has been seen that this lab made use of temperatures that were
maintained at a value that did not go beyond the critical point. Also, it was noted that the higher
the temperature, the higher the critical points that were attained.

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