Report on the burden, broader determinants and risk factors of diabetes in australia and critical analysis of a framework for the prevention or management of diabetes

Running Head: DIABETES 1
REPORT ON THE BURDEN, BROADER DETERMINANTS AND RISK FACTORS OF
DIABETES IN AUSTRALIA AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF A FRAMEWORK FOR THE
PREVENTION OR MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES
Name
Institution
DIABETES 2
Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3
Diabetes and its Burden in Australia ........................................................................................... 4
Broader Determinants of Diabetes .............................................................................................. 5
Risk Factors Associated with Diabetes ....................................................................................... 7
Innovative Care of Chronic Diseases Framework....................................................................... 8
Critical Analysis of the ICCC Framework .................................................................................. 9
References ..................................................................................................................................... 12
DIABETES 3
Introduction
Chronic diseases and conditions such as cancer, stroke, type 2 diabetes, obesity and other
diseases cause a lot of pressure and burden on the global health due to the cost of preventing and
maintaining them. A chronic disease, in this case, refers to conditions that persist for a long time
and the patients have to be put on continuous medication to maintain the condition or to cure the
disease (Al Tunaiji, Davis, Mackey & Khan, 2014). A chronic illness can be defined as a
condition that can last for three or more months when the patient is still under treatment. Most of
the chronic diseases cannot be prevented using vaccines or can they be treated but can just be
maintained through regular medication and lifestyle. Statistics show that about eighty percent of
adults in Australia have at least one chronic disease (Baird, Funderburk, Whitt & Wilbanks,
2012). Research also shows that most of the chronic diseases are caused by damaging health
behaviors such as smoking, poor eating habits, and lack of physical activity.
As the number of people suffering from chronic diseases continues to rise, the health
facilities and the governments face the burden of providing care for people with these diseases.
Chronic diseases are becoming common, costly and burden the families, the health facilities, and
the government. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), chronic
diseases such as diabetes 2, stroke, lung diseases, and cancer account for the highest number of
deaths in most parts of the world (Begic, Arnautovic &Masic, 2016). The diseases are the major
cause of deaths, sicknesses and the high cost of health care in Australia and other parts of the
world. Chronic diseases are responsible for about six in every ten deaths in Australia every year
and the covers the largest percentage of the health care costs.
The paper herein looks at the burden of Diabetes as a chronic disease in Australia. The
paper looks at the specific burdens that diabetes has had both on the health sector, on the families
and the government as far as providing care for the people who have diabetes is concerned. The
DIABETES 4
research would also look at the broader determinants affecting diabetes, assess the risks and
finally give a description of the framework for the prevention of diabetes.
Diabetes and its Burden in Australia
Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreases fail to produce enough
amount of insulin or when the body fails to use the insulin produced effectively. Insulin is the
hormone that is responsible for the regulation of the blood sugar, and if the body fails to produce
it, then there are chances of having abnormal sugar levels in the blood. The high blood sugar
levels often lead to damage of vital body organs which include the nerves and the blood vessels
(Birlouez-Aragon, 2010). The most common type of diabetes is type 2 diabetes and it results
from the inability of the body to utilize the insulin produced by the pancreases hence leading to
the damage of the various tissues and vital body organs by the high levels of sugar present in the
blood.
Diabetes is considered as a 21st-century epidemic that continuous to confront Australian
health system and the government today. According to a report by Diabetes Australia, about 280
people develop diabetes every day in Australia which means that after every five minutes one
person develops diabetes (Burrow, 2016). At this faster rate of development, about 1.7 million
people in Australia have diabetes which includes all types of diagnosed diabetes and the silent
undiagnosed diabetic conditions (Christl, 2012). The statics also show that more than one
hundred thousand Australians developed diabetes in the past one year. For every individual
diagnosed with diabetes, there is always a family member who is also living with diabetes in
support, which means that diabetes affects an estimated number of about 2.4 million people in
Australia every day. Australia incurs an annual cost of diabetes care of about $14.6 billion (El
DIABETES 5
Saghir et al, 2011). The money is mainly spent on diagnosis, medication, and treatment of related
diseases resulting from diabetes.
Apart from the financial burden that diabetes has put in Australia, the disease also affects
people in various ways. For example, people living with diabetes risk developing other related
complications such as blindness, swelling of legs and other conditions which greatly affect the
quality of their lives (Espinoza, 2016). Amputations are also common occurrences among the
people living with diabetes, and it leads to many deaths and disabilities which put a lot of burden
on the patients and their families. Diabetes is also the fastest growing chronic disease in
Australia ahead of cancer and heart diseases.
Broader Determinants of Diabetes
Diabetes is one of the major problems facing most communities today across the world.
The occurrence, prevention, and management of the disease are determined by many factors that
also affect the coexistence of the society as a whole (Gerber et al., 2005). There are various
factors which are external to the individual which affects the prevalence of diabetes as a chronic
disease. Achieving a sustainable improvement in health care requires a deeper understanding of
the social, political and economic determinants of the disease. The social determinants refer to
the socioecological factors that affect the general health of the people.
The environment where one lives can significantly affect his life especially while living
with diabetes. The components of physical environment such as safety, transportation and access
to healthy food are important determinants that may influence the process of managing people
with diabetes (Shrivastava, Shrivastava & Ramasamy, 2016). When people with diabetes face
challenges of limited transport access, inaccessibility to healthy food and other factors, there is
the likelihood that they will not have access to proper care and the condition may worsen. In
DIABETES 6
most cases, people living with diabetes may need to walk outside the local community to other
areas to access healthy food, and health care facilities and hence limited transportation in the
countryside may affect their recovery rates (Harford et al., 2011). Lack of public transport in the
local neighborhoods may affect traveling hence affecting the access to healthcare. Community
safety is another factor that may have an impact on the people living with diabetes. For instance,
urban areas may have high levels of crime that affect the overall safety of the area prohibiting
access to quality health care service. Congestion in urban areas may also lead to lack of walking
paths and grounds to encourage physical activity which is considered as one of the preventive
measures of diabetes (Nuño, Coleman, Bengoa &Sauto, 2012).
Also, there is a strong connection between the health of individuals in a society and their
socio-economic status. Many factors explain the degree of relationship between the social
character of people in a community and their health. For instance, the level of education, family
income, and employment influences the socioeconomic status of people and therefore their
health (La Merrill, Cirillo, Krigbaum & Cohn, 2015). Higher levels of education have a direct
link with greater health outcome which is associated with the ability to access health care on time
and also capacity to live a healthy lifestyle (Nicolucci, 2013). Education also leads to a higher
access to health information that in turn leads to a better response to diabetes.
Information about diabetes should be made available to the public to create awareness
about diabetes and its possible effects on the life of people. Forums such as social media,
televisions and other forms of media should be used to talk about diabetes so that people can
know when to go for screening and when they suspect that they may have diabetes (Luo et al.,
2013). Establishing programs that promote diabetes prevention practices is a major step in
encouraging people to live a healthy life. Helping people with diabetes to take health insurance
DIABETES 7
covers is also a significant move to ease the burden on the families who have to spend huge sums
of money in taking care of their patients. As a result of the above analysis, it is evident that
diabetes has a significant influence on the social, physical, emotional and cultural lives of the
people in Australia and other countries across the world (Ouwens et al., 2005).
Risk Factors Associated with Diabetes
There are many risk factors related to diabetes. Most of the diabetes risk factors are
associated with the lifestyle choice that people take. Some of the risk factors related to diabetes
include the family history, race, age, gestational complications, environmental factors, weight,
and inactivity among other factors. Overweight and obesity are considered as major predictors of
diabetes specifically type2 diabetes (Organization, 2008). Research shows that almost ninety
percent of the people living with diabetes are overweight or have obesity. Having too much
weight adds pressure to the body and affects its ability to utilize the insulin to control the blood
pressure (Shrivastava, Shrivastava & Ramasamy, 2016). Obesity or overweight strains the body
cells affecting their ability to use the insulin hormone and hence people who are overweight are
likely to develop type diabetes. For example, there has been a significant increase in the number
of people suffering from obesity in Australia and this increment is associated with the growing
prevalence of obesity and overweight in the country.
Inactivity is also considered as a risk factor for developing diabetes as the less active one
is, the higher the chances of developing diabetes. Physical activity is connected to the weight
gain or loss and hence it is important in controlling the weight (Organization, 2008). When
someone engages in physical activity, he or she uses the glucose as energy and reduces the
amount of glucose in the cells hence making the cells more sensitive to the presence of insulin
hence lowering the risk of developing diabetes. However, people who do not engage in physical
DIABETES 8
activities may find it difficult to control their weight and hence stand high chances of becoming
overweight. Being physically inactive also reduces the rate at which one’s body uses glucose,
and hence the cells start becoming less sensitive to insulin hence increasing the risk of someone
developing diabetes (Rubin, 2017). The risk of developing diabetes also increases with age as
one tends to gain weight as he or she ages. The cells also grow old making them less sensitive to
the insulin produced by the pancreas. Age also reduces the chances of engaging in physical
activity hence leaving people more susceptible to weight gain and hence developing diabetic
conditions. Also, having a high blood pressure of more than 140/90 mmHg increases the risk of
developing type2 diabetes (Sayegh & Knight, 2012).
Genetics also play an important role on the risk of developing diabetes. There is
significant information that link diabetes and genetics and hence one is likely to inherit diabetes
from a family member. Therefore, people with family members suffering from diabetes stand
high chances of developing diabetes in their lifetime (Shrivastava, Shrivastava & Ramasamy,
2016). Dietary behaviors are also significantly associated with diabetes. Living with a poor diet
is likely to lead to overweight which in turn would increase the risk of getting diabetes. Eating a
balance diet and taking part in physical activities is likely to reduce the risk of developing
diabetes.
Innovative Care of Chronic Diseases Framework
The innovative care of chronic condition framework proposes that all health care systems
should reorganize their health care to ensure that they provide caution to the rising burden of the
chronic diseases (Shrivastava, Shrivastava & Ramasamy, 2016). The innovative care for chronic
framework alerts all the decision makers across the world to ensure that they create and
implement health care policies that aim at reducing the burden of the chronic conditions. The
DIABETES 9
innovative care of chronic diseases framework provides some fundamental components within
the health care organization, the patient, and the community.
The components are the building blocks which can be redesigned to improve the quality
of health care as well as manage the long term health problems. The ICCC framework consists of
three components namely, the macro, meso and micro levels (Zheng et al., 2012). The macro
standard of the ICCC framework provides the policies that determine the role of leadership and
advocacy in the management of chronic diseases. The micro level defines the functions of the
patients and their families in the process of chronic conditions care. Finally, the third component
which is the meso level covers the roles of the community and the entire health system in
managing the long term health problems (Nuño, Coleman, Bengoa & Sauto, 2012).
Critical Analysis of the ICCC Framework
The innovative care for chronic conditions framework recognizes the increase in the
number of chronic diseases the burden that the bugs are putting on the health care systems. The
framework then suggests a collaborative approach in dealing with the conditions and advocates
for the contributions of every stakeholder in the health care system ranging from the patient, the
family, the community and the government (Shah, Shamoon, Bikkina & Kohl, 2017). Every
decision-maker whose influence can improve the quality of care for the conditions is encouraged
to contribute in the management of the rising burden. The framework highlights that more
biomedical and behavioral management practices should be done to help in controlling chronic
conditions such as diabetes, HIV, and cancer (Valentine et al., 2012).
In summary, the innovative care for chronic disease framework suggests a paradigm shift,
management of the external environment, building an integrated health care system, align
departmental policies for health, promote value-based care and emphasize on the prevention
DIABETES 10
(Verma & Hussain, 2017). From the above suggestions, the framework covers the roles of the
health care systems, the government, and the community in improving the quality of care of
chronic diseases.
In most countries, the type of health care provided to the patients does not meet the needs
of the patients especially those suffering from chronic conditions. The health care providers and
the decision makers must realize that chronic diseases require an extended care that starts from
the hospital wards to the homes of the patients and runs throughout his daily activities (Wild &
Byrne, 2006). The ICCC suggests that health care providers should design care systems that keep
contact with the patients and monitors them throughout their recovery period. Innovation can
help the health care systems to maximize their returns by shifting their services to include
comprehensive care for the chronic conditions (Wild & Byrne, 2006). The macro component of
ICCC framework touches on the roles of the political leaders, health care leaders and all the
decision makers in forming policies that can help in improving the health care system. Having a
successful transformation towards care for chronic conditions requires bi-directional information
sharing to engage all the stakeholders and the political class to stand by the policies.
According to World Health Organization (2015), building an integrated health care
system is also another innovative way of improving the quality of care for the chronic conditions.
Chronic diseases require follow-ups, and hence an integrated health care system would ensure
that information is shared among the providers and that the patient receives the best quality of
care. The overall benefits of integrated health care systems are fewer wastes, less inefficiency,
and improved patient experiences.
Despite having important recommendations on how to improve the care for chronic
diseases, the ICCC framework still faces various challenges regarding how it can be
DIABETES 11
implemented (Zwar et al., 2017). Some countries have implemented some of the components of
the framework while other countries are still far from implementing it due to various reasons.
Some countries have not successfully applied the provisions of the framework due to lack of
enough money, some due to political instability while others due to inadequate health care
systems (Dietz et al., 2015). Many questions have also been raised on the sustainability of the
framework due to the exponential rise in the number of people developing chronic diseases
across the world. As many countries and health care system are yet to start the implementation of
the ICCC framework, the number of patients suffering from chronic diseases is still expected to
increase, and the burden of diabetes in Australia would also continue to increase.
DIABETES 12
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