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Wearable Sensor Design, Asembly, and Market Analysis

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Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 3

2 Idea and market ................................................................................................................. 3

2.1 Who are the customers? ............................................................................................... 3

2.2 What are the important specifications? ........................................................................ 4

2.3 Quantitative cost estimate ........................................................................................... 5

3 Review of the state of the art .............................................................................................. 5

3.1 Wearable Technologies ................................................................................................ 5

3.2 The Proposed method, its Unique attributes and impacts ............................................. 6

4 Preferred Design ................................................................................................................. 7

4.1 Calculation of the Future Cost of the Wearable Gadget. ................................................ 8

5. Prototype Delivery.......................................................................................................... 9

6. Recommendations for Future Development .................................................................. 10

7. Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 10

8. References ................................................................................................................... 12

9. APPENDICES ................................................................................................................. 14

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1 Executive Summary

Vital body signs are crucial in the determination of medical outcomes and in facilitating

early intervention. They are the basic functions and processes of the body that are of great

interest to healthcare providers and medical professionals and include the blood pressure,

heartbeat, and the ambient body temperature. They are essential in the determination of

underlying medical problems hence their timely detection facilitates early diagnosis which is a

crucial aspect in determining medical outcomes. With the emergence of wireless technologies

and wearable sensor technology, these vital signs can not only be measured in the conventional

medical setting but also at home and the field while indulging in physical exercise (Yilmaz,

Foster & Hao, 2010). The development and adoption of wearable technology can facilitate early

detection and monitoring of medical issues through the provision of the physiological data of an

individual. In addition to this, the creation of more effective wearable healthcare systems,

information regarding a person’s health will be shared efficiently hence timely intervention

measures. This shall help in reducing health care costs and improving the general quality of life

hence better disease management.

2 Idea and market

2.1 Who are the customers?

The Global Wearable Wireless industry has tremendously grown as its applications have

expanded beyond expectations. Other applications of the same have emerged, which entail sports

whereby athletes, soccer players, basketball players etc., put them on for their coaches and

trainers to understand their strengths and weaknesses (Darwish & Hassanien, 2011). Also,

regular fitness enthusiasts and other people who want to remain fit normally use wearable

devices to monitor their progress and facilitate the detection of vital signs.

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2.2 What are the important specifications?

 Regulated DC power supply (3V battery): This is an essential component as it

powers the passive sensors and the GSM to facilitate the transmission of all the

necessary information regarding the wearer.

 GSM Module (SIM 900A): The GSM Module is responsible for the transmission

of the collection of the physiological information, which includes the blood

pressure, heartbeat, and ambient temperature, and transmit the same to the person

monitoring the same remotely.

 Heart Beat Sensor: The heart beat sensor is integrated into the entire wearable

sensor to facilitate the monitoring of the varying heart beat rate.

 Blood Pressure Sensor: The blood pressure sensor is worn with the wearable and

facilitates remote monitoring of blood pressure for earl intervention measures.

 Body temperature sensor: The body temperature sensor is incorporated onto the

wearable for health experts and other people monitoring such information to note

changes in body temperatures of the wearers in real time basis.

 LCD crystal display (16*2): The LCD crystal display is solely made for

displaying the above parameters of interest before they are transmitted to the

person monitoring the same.

 PIC Micro Controller: The microcontroller will be programmed to control the

entire functioning of the wearable by detecting the level varying measurements

and passing them to the GSM for transmission. Besides, the microcontroller will

contain reference measurements beyond which it will trigger an alarm.

 Micro siren: This will be an essential part as it will provide a warning system to

the wearer in case of abnormal physiological conditions in the body by sounding

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an alarm. The alarm also can be set to make a specific noise which reflects the

heart rhythm.

2.3 Quantitative cost estimate

Component

Quantity

Total cost in $

1. Regulated DC

power supply

(3V battery)

2.57

2. GSM Module

(SIM 900A)

41.47

3. Heart Beat

Sensor

6.92

4. Blood

Pressure

Sensor

5. Body

temperature

sensor

3.15

6.LCD crystral

display (16*2)

6.75

6. PIC Micro

Controller

3.14

7. Nano-alarm

Speaker

2.0

Total Cost

86.00

3 Review of the state of the art

3.1 Wearable Technologies

Wearable technologies have been developed in the past decade with a special interest in

engineering principles and systems. However, the technologies are bulky at first, their

manufacturing processes are continually refined to achieve a relatively small device which can

be worn on the wrist or any other part of the body, and still not compromise the freedom of

movement. The application of wearable devices has been limited to the monitoring of health and

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wellness in the medical setting (Naddeo, Verde, Forastiere, De Pietro, & Sannino, 2017). This is

since its inception it had been focused entirely on clinical applications, especially on

rehabilitation processes (Patel, Park, Bonato, Chan & Rodgers, 2012). However, designs which

have been able to transmit data have widely applied optic links and rarely any wireless

technology. Recent technologies have concentrated on the development of wearables to aid in

monitoring health and physiological processes at close range.

3.2 The Proposed method, its Unique attributes and impacts

With the increase in world population and the consequent strain on the existing

healthcare facilities, the development of wireless body sensors will alleviate these conditions.

Since the diagnosis of the vital body symptoms shall be done remotely, diagnosis shall be

accomplished promptly. Needless to say, blood pressure and other related ailments shall

significantly reduce as medical practitioners even from a distant location shall be able to assess

these vital psychological symptoms and propose appropriate intervention measure on time

(Deeper & Kumar, 2013).

Despite the fact that the technologies involved have been in use, the design and the

capabilities attained will give the users a new level of convenience and safety. Although this

technology is in its infant stages, its inception rates are high, and upon its maturity, many people

will adopt it hence boosting healthcare outcomes. Although currently, the fitness and sports

markets represent almost 92% of the total clients, this trend is expected to change in the next

decade, and more markets are expected to come on board (Touati & Tabish, 2013).

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4 Preferred Design

As shown on the above design, this project is a proposal of an affordable and simple

microcontroller device which facilitates the measurement and transmission of blood pressure,

heart rate, and body temperature at a real-time basis. To facilitate the reading of the values by the

wearer of this device the LCD measurements switch from the blood pressure reading, the pulse

rate, and the body temperature. One of the device inputs is fixed to the index finger where it

senses the pulse rate of the individual and by the use of Infra-Red Device sensors; the average

pulse rate is displayed on the LCD. For the ambient body temperature, a small micro-

thermometer which uses micro-thermocouple technology and expands unevenly with varying

temperature is used. For the blood pressure, with the aid of a micro-pressure sensor with

appropriate integrated circuits normally tied on the wrist, the varying blood pressure is quantified

and its readings send to the LCD device.

PIC

MICRO

CONTROLLER

LCD

Temperature

Sensor

Heart Beat

Sensor

Blood Pressure

Sensor

GSM MODULE

3 VOLTS POWER

SUPPLY

Alarm-

Piezoelectric

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The PIC Microcontroller is programmed to trigger an alarm from the piezoelectric once

the threshold values of the body temperature, blood pressure, and pulse rate exceed the set

threshold value. However, the programmer can alter this value depending on the age of the

individual, the health condition, the level of activity, etc. For the sake of this prototype testing

the pulse rate was set at 30 to 120 pulses per minute in which a pulse below or above this range

would trigger the alarm. For the body temperature the threshold was set between 25 degrees

Celsius and 38 degrees Celsius, and for the blood pressure, the range was set between 80 mmHg

to 120 mmHg. For remote analysis, these readings were transmitted on a continuous basis to

health personnel not there at the moment, and who can interpret the data and give necessary

medical advice. The data obtained is transmitted at the frequency of cellular phones and into

Android phones.

Through sophisticated health programs smartphones, through these pre-installed

applications can advise on necessary health measures, causes of alarm and progress in health.

Rather than the above-described capabilities, the wearable sensor can capture the biochemical

aspects and monitor motion. Rather than the above narrow scope, this sensor can help in

facilitating ongoing treatment, diagnosis, and solve a wide range of problems in the modern

world. As seen above, the technology is not invasive hence very safe, and with further

developments, the gadgets used are expected to be less and less bulky. Besides, the sensors are as

accurate and precise as laboratory instruments hence highly reliable.

4.1 Calculation of the Future Cost of the Wearable Gadget.

Although the total cost of the components used in the design of the prototype totaled $54;

which is a little expensive for low-income earners, it is expected that future producers will

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engage in fabrication hence cutting down on unnecessary costs by making the components as

small as possible. In addition to this, mass producers of this wearable are expected to enjoy

economies of scale and other benefits associated with a production hence pushing the production

cost to even a quarter. This will make it affordable to a wide variety of customers with different

income levels, and given the projected demand for the product, the industry will achieve high-

income levels. The effect shall be more pronounced due to the escalation of lifestyle diseases and

ailments. In addition to this, the expected expansion of the technology application into the fields

of engineering and information and technology shall further propel its demand.

5. Prototype Delivery

The prototype testing process shall make use of several sensors that must be acquired

from manufacturing and fabrication companies. Most of the components can be acquired from

large manufacturing suppliers such as Alababa and the other suppliers listed in the reference list

though most suppliers are restrictive of the minimum order quantity. To facilitate the testing and

presentation process to investors and other relevant personnel, other costs will be incurred other

than the component costs. The device shall be presented at a technology fair which is expected to

take place in the next three months. The costs for the entire event are analyzed as below:

Date

Specifics

Costs

April to 1srt May

Transportation expenses

$50

April

Purchase of components

5 @ 86 to cater for wastes

April

Booking for Technology Fair

$200

May

Labor

$180

May

Miscellaneous

$200

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Total Costs

$1060

For Exhibition purposes, the basic connection of the components is as shown on the circuit

diagram in Exhibit B on the Appendix section.

6. Recommendations for Future Development

The implementation of this project is anticipated to enhance healthcare, ensure better

medical outcomes, minimize the strain of medical care, improve flexibility. However, more can

be done to enhance the capabilities of the device. The wearable and implantable body sensor

networks (WIBSNs) industry is expected to expand beyond its current medical market into the

engineering and information technology markets as shown in Exhibit C. Therefore, future

developments to capture other fields are expected. The integration of a graphical LCD will boost

the capabilities of the instrument as the user will be able to view the varying physiological body

functions over time. Also, this can also be combined with an ability to record the maximum and

minimum blood pressure and heart rates over time for analysis. The device can also be integrated

with the ‘internet of things’ for online recording and analysis using the higher computational

power of the PC (Takpor & Atayero, 2015).

7. Conclusions

The above project is a demonstration of an electronic wearable gadget that can sense

various physiological processes and monitor them in real time to ensure better health care. In

addition to its application in the hospital setting, the technology can also be used for home and

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training purposes in the enhancement of quality of life. This project integrates several sensors

and actuators which have been previously developed, into a single wearable device which can

accomplish all these functions. In addition to this, through GSM technology, the data obtained

can be transmitted in real time for close monitoring even remotely (Kakria, Tripathi &

Kitipawang, 2015). The technology also caters for GSM malfunction or those who might not

have sufficient real-time monitoring resources and integrates an alarm system which cautions the

user in case of abnormal readings.

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8. References

1. Yilmaz, T., Foster, R., & Hao, Y. (2010). Detecting vital signs with wearable wireless

sensors. Sensors, 10(12), 10837-10862.

2. Darwish, A., & Hassanien, A. E. (2011). Wearable and implantable wireless sensor

network solutions for healthcare monitoring. Sensors, 11(6), 5561-5595.

3. Naddeo, S., Verde, L., Forastiere, M., De Pietro, G., & Sannino, G. (2017). A Real-time

m-Health Monitoring System: An Integrated Solution Combining the Use of Several

Wearable Sensors and Mobile Devices. BIOSTEC 2017, 545.

4. Patel, S., Park, H., Bonato, P., Chan, L., & Rodgers, M. (2012). A review of wearable

sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation. Journal of neuroengineering and

rehabilitation, 9(1), 21.

5. Deepa, A., & Kumar, P. N. (2013,). Patient health monitoring based on ZigBee Module.

In Optical Imaging Sensor and Security (ICOSS), 2013 International Conference on (pp.

1-4). IEEE.

6. Touati, F., & Tabish, R. (2013). U-healthcare system: State-of-the-art review and

challenges. Journal of medical systems, 37(3), 9949.

7. Takpor, T., & Atayero, A. A. (2015). Integrating internet of things and ehealth solutions

for students’ healthcare. In Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering (Vol. 1).

World Congress on Engineering, London, UK.

8. Kakria, P., Tripathi, N. K., & Kitipawang, P. (2015). A real-time health monitoring

system for remote cardiac patients using smartphone and wearable sensors. International

journal of telemedicine and applications, 2015, 8.

9. Robotshop, (2016). Electronic Brick DHT11 Humidity / Temperature Sensor, Retrieved

from http://www.robotshop.com/en/electronic-brick-humidity-temperature-sensor.html

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10. DealExtreme, (20170. EFHDPM01 Barometric Digital Pressure Sensor / Compass

Module for Arduino, Retrieved From http://www.dx.com/p/efhdpm01-barometric-digital-

pressure-sensor-compass-module-for-arduino-137489#.WOSUoGmGPIU

11. Extreme Electronics, (2017). GSM-GPRS Modem SIM900 KIT Retrieved from

http://store.extremeelectronics.co.in/GSM-GPRS-Modem-SIM900-KIT.html

12. KTechnics systems, (2017). Heart Beat Sensor, Retrieved from

http://ktechnics.com/shop/heart-beat-sensor/

13. Alibaba, (2017). Low Cost LCD Display, Retrieved From

https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/low-cost-lcd-display-used-in_60559863561.html

14. Lelong, (2017). Microcontroller PIC 16F877A , Retrieved From

https://www.lelong.com.my/kx/pic+microcontroller.html.

15. Alibaba, (2017). Piezoelectric. Retrieved from https://www.alibaba.com/product-

detail/piezoelectric-generating-plate-manufacturer_1964285081.html?s=p

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16. APPENDICES

EXHIBIT A

Temperature Sensor

Source (Robotshop, 2016)

Blood Pressure Sensor

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Source (DealExtreme, 2017)

GSM Module

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Source (Extreme Electronics, 2017)

Heart Beat Sensor

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Source (KTechnics Systems, 2017)

LCD DISPLAY

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Source (Alibaba, 2017)

PIC Microcontroller

Source (Lelong, 2017)

Micro Siren/ Piezoelectric

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Source (Alibaba, 2017)

EXHIBIT B

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Source (Yilmaz, Foster, & Hao, 2010)

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